ArticleBMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation2013
Sex-related differences and age of peak performance in breaststroke versus freestyle swimming.
Article in BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Stroke Kinematics, Temporal Patterns, Neuromuscular Activity, Pacing and Kinetics in Elite Breaststroke Swimming: A Systematic Review.Sports medicine - open · 2022Pooled it
- Age of Peak Competitive Performance of Elite Athletes: A Systematic Review.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2015Pooled it
- The Relationship Between Preseason Upper Extremity Function, Pain, and Training and Normalized Division III Collegiate Swimming Performance.Journal of athletic training · 2025Article
- Where are the fastest master butterfly swimmers competing in the FINA World Masters Championships from?EXCLI journal · 2023Article
- Sex Difference in Female and Male Ice Swimmers for Different Strokes and Water Categories Over Short and Middle Distances: A Descriptive Study.Sports medicine - open · 2022Article
- Gender and Age Patterns in NSGA Swim Competitions.Journal of aging research · 2022Article
- Performance Development of European Swimmers Across the Olympic Cycle.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2022Article
- Sex Differences in Swimming Disciplines-Can Women Outperform Men in Swimming?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Review
- Competition-Based Success Factors During the Talent Pathway of Elite Male Swimmers.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2020Article
- The Age in Swimming of Champions in World Championships (1994⁻2013) and Olympic Games (1992⁻2012): A Cross-Sectional Data Analysis.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2016Article
- Article
- Ice swimming - 'Ice Mile' and '1 km Ice event'.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2015Article
- Changes in breaststroke swimming performances in national and international athletes competing between 1994 and 2011 -a comparison with freestyle swimming performances.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2014Article
- Change of the age and performance of swimmers across World Championships and Olympic Games finals from 1992 to 2013 - a cross-sectional data analysis.SpringerPlus · 2014Article
- Changes in sex difference in swimming speed in finalists at FINA World Championships and the Olympic Games from 1992 to 2013.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2014Article
- Sex difference in age and performance in elite Swiss freestyle swimmers competing from 50 m to 1,500 m.SpringerPlus · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSex-related differences in performance and in age of peak performance have been reported for freestyle swimming. However, little is known about the sex-related differences in other swimming styles. The aim of the present study was to compare performance and age of peak performance for elite men and women swimmers in breaststroke versus freestyle.
methodsRace results were analyzed for swimmers at national ranked in the Swiss high score list (during 2006 through 2010) and for international swimmers who qualified for the finals of the FINA World Swimming Championships (during 2003 through 2011).
resultsThe sex-related difference in swimming speed was significantly greater for freestyle than for breaststroke over 50 m, 100 m, and 200 m race distances for Swiss swimmers, but not for FINA finalists. The sex-related difference for both freestyle and breaststroke swimming speeds decreased significantly with increasing swimming distance for both groups. Race distance did not affect the age of peak performance by women in breaststroke, but age of peak performance was four years older for FINA women than for Swiss women. Men achieved peak swimming performance in breaststroke at younger ages for longer race distances, and the age of peak swimming performance was six years older for FINA men than for Swiss men. In freestyle swimming, race distance did not affect the age of peak swimming performance for Swiss women, but the age of peak swimming performance decreased with increasing race distance for Swiss men and for both sexes at the FINA World Championships.
conclusionsResults of the present study indicate that (i) sex-related differences in swimming speed were greater for freestyle than for breaststroke for swimmers at national level, but not for swimmers at international level, and (ii) both female and male swimmers achieved peak swimming speeds at younger ages in breaststroke than in freestyle. Further studies are required to better understand differences between trends at national and international levels.
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Registered trials
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