Evidence map›Paper›PMID 24349147›Full record

ArticlePloS one2013

Healthy lifestyles reduce the incidence of chronic diseases and dementia: evidence from the Caerphilly cohort study.

Peter Elwood, Julieta Galante, Janet Pickering, Stephen Palmer, Antony Bayer, Yoav Ben-Shlomo, Marcus Longley, John Gallacher

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers, 13 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
84citing papers in PubMed, 13 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

84 citing papers in PubMed, 13 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Peter ElwoodCochrane Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Julieta GalanteCochrane Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Janet PickeringCochrane Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Stephen PalmerCochrane Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Antony BayerCochrane Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Yoav Ben-ShlomoSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
Marcus LongleyWelsh Institute for Health and Social Care, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, United Kingdom.
John GallacherCochrane Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundHealthy lifestyles based on non-smoking, an acceptable BMI, a high fruit and vegetable intake, regular physical activity, and low/moderate alcohol intake, are associated with reductions in the incidence of certain chronic diseases, but to date there is limited evidence on cognitive function and dementia.

methodsIn 1979 healthy behaviours were recorded on 2,235 men aged 45-59 years in Caerphilly, UK. During the following 30 years incident diabetes, vascular disease, cancer and death were recorded, and in 2004 cognitive state was determined.

findingsMen who followed four or five of the behaviours had an odds ratio (OR) and confidence intervals (CI) for diabetes, corrected for age and social class, of 0.50 (95% CI: 0.19, 1.31; P for trend with increasing numbers of healthy behaviours <0.0005). For vascular disease the OR was 0.50 (95% CI: 0.30, 0.84; P for trend <0.0005), and there was a delay in vascular disease events of up to 12 years. Cancer incidence was not significantly related to lifestyle although there was a reduction associated with non-smoking (OR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.54, 0.79). All-cause mortality was reduced in men following four or five behaviours (OR 0.40; 95% CI: 0.24, 0.67; P for trend <0.005). After further adjustment for NART, the OR for men following four or five healthy behaviours was 0.36 (95% CI: 0.12, 1.09; P for trend <0.001) for cognitive impairment, and 0.36 (95% CI: 0.07, 1.99; P for trend <0.02) for dementia. The adoption of a healthy lifestyle by men was low and appears not to have changed during the subsequent 30 years, with under 1% of men following all five of the behaviours and 5% reporting four or more in 1979 and in 2009.

interpretationA healthy lifestyle is associated with increased disease-free survival and reduced cognitive impairment but the uptake remains low.

Indexed as

Life StyleAlcohol DrinkingAlzheimer DiseaseBody Mass IndexCognitionDementiaDiabetes MellitusDisease-Free SurvivalExerciseFruitHealth BehaviorHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleMiddle AgedOdds Ratio

Identifiers

PMID24349147
PMCPMC3857242

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.