ReviewFrontiers in human neuroscience2013
Modulation of human corticospinal excitability by paired associative stimulation.
Review in Frontiers in human neuroscience, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 81 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
81 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 156 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effects of rTMS on motor recovery after stroke: a systematic review of fMRI studies.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Paired Associative Stimulation (PAS) to Modulate Lower Limb Corticomotor Excitability: Implications for Stimulation Parameter Selection and Experimental Design.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2019Pooled it
- Acute and post-acute neurobehavioral responses to lysergic acid diethylamide in healthy subjects: a randomized controlled study.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Trial
- Paired associative stimulation with a high-intensity cortical component and a high-frequency peripheral component in treatment of neuropathic pain after incomplete spinal cord injury - a pilot trial.Spinal cord series and cases · 2026Trial
- Paired associative stimulation improves outcomes when applied at the subacute stage after incomplete cervical spinal cord injury.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2026Trial
- Cerebello-Motor Paired Associative Stimulation and Motor Recovery in Stroke: a Randomized, Sham-Controlled, Double-Blind Pilot Trial.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2022Trial
- Does sonification of action simulation training impact corticospinal excitability and audiomotor plasticity?Experimental brain research · 2021Trial
- Motor-cortex excitability and response variability following paired-associative stimulation: a proof-of-concept study comparing individualized and fixed inter-stimulus intervals.Experimental brain research · 2019Trial
- tDCS and Robotics on Upper Limb Stroke Rehabilitation: Effect Modification by Stroke Duration and Type of Stroke.BioMed research international · 2016Trial
- Driving motor cortex oscillations restores plasticity and improves bradykinesia features in Parkinson's disease.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Improving hand function in chronic incomplete tetraplegia by high-PAS intervention with alternative equipment: a case report.Spinal cord series and cases · 2026Article
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease and Parkinsonian Syndromes: A Narrative Expert Review.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Altered sensorimotor neuroplasticity in subacute patients with non-severe burn injury.Burns & trauma · 2026Article
- The Orthotic Effect of Functional Electrical Stimulation on Reactive Stepping for People With Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury.Artificial organs · 2025Article
- Visuomotor paired associative stimulation enhances corticospinal excitability in post-stroke patients with upper-limb hemiparesis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Stable Enhancement of Corticospinal Excitability by the Combination of Paired Associative Stimulation and Interlimb Cortical Network.The European journal of neuroscience · 2025Article
- Stable improvement in hand muscle strength in incomplete spinal cord injury patients by long-term paired associative stimulation-a case series study.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- A new index of cortical plasticity induced by paired associative stimulation to describe cognitive status in aged healthy subjects.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Article
- Spinally targeted paired associated stimulation with high-frequency peripheral component induces spinal level plasticity in healthy subjects.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Effects of Cerebellar Non-Invasive Stimulation on Neurorehabilitation in Stroke Patients: An Updated Systematic Review.Biomedicines · 2024Review
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Paired Associative Stimulation (PAS) has come to prominence as a potential therapeutic intervention for the treatment of brain injury/disease, and as an experimental method with which to investigate Hebbian principles of neural plasticity in humans. Prototypically, a single electrical stimulus is directed to a peripheral nerve in advance of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) delivered to the contralateral primary motor cortex (M1). Repeated pairing of the stimuli (i.e., association) over an extended period may increase or decrease the excitability of corticospinal projections from M1, in manner that depends on the interstimulus interval (ISI). It has been suggested that these effects represent a form of associative long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD) that bears resemblance to spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP) as it has been elaborated in animal models. With a large body of empirical evidence having emerged since the cardinal features of PAS were first described, and in light of the variations from the original protocols that have been implemented, it is opportune to consider whether the phenomenology of PAS remains consistent with the characteristic features that were initially disclosed. This assessment necessarily has bearing upon interpretation of the effects of PAS in relation to the specific cellular pathways that are putatively engaged, including those that adhere to the rules of STDP. The balance of evidence suggests that the mechanisms that contribute to the LTP- and LTD-type responses to PAS differ depending on the precise nature of the induction protocol that is used. In addition to emphasizing the requirement for additional explanatory models, in the present analysis we highlight the key features of the PAS phenomenology that require interpretation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.