ReviewHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2014
Chitosan: a promising safe and immune-enhancing adjuvant for intranasal vaccines.
Review in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 136 citations in OpenAlex.
- Repurposing insulin for Alzheimer's disease treatment: intranasal delivery of a thermoresponsive nanocarrier-based insulin formulation to the brain.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- Immunopotentiation by Natural Extracts: Mechanisms and Applications in Influenza Vaccine Adjuvant Development.Food science & nutrition · 2026Review
- Chitosan as a Vaccine Adjuvant: From Material Determinants to Innate Immune Activation and Formulation Optimization.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Correlations Between Rheology, In Situ Mucosal Retention and In Vivo Immunogenicity Reveal the Potential and Limitations of Mucoadhesive Excipients for Sublingual Vaccine Delivery.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Advantages of using complement components in preventive and therapeutic vaccine strategies for infectious and non-infectious diseases.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2025Review
- Multilayer Adjuvanted Influenza Protein Nanoparticles Improve Intranasal Delivery and Antigen-Specific Immunity.ACS nano · 2025Article
- Biomimetic Chitosan-Based Hydrogels for Sustainable Wound Healing With AI/ML Insights.IEEE open journal of engineering in medicine and biology · 2025Article
- Microfluidic Synthesis of Scalable Layer-by-Layer Multiple Antigen Nano-Delivery Platform for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Review
- Chitosan-Based Nanocarriers for Pulmonary and Intranasal Drug Delivery Systems: A Comprehensive Overview of their Applications.Current drug targets · 2024Review
- Ginseng Polysaccharide Enhances the Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 RBD Protein Subunit Vaccines.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Bioactive Compound-Loaded Nanocarriers for Hair Growth Promotion: Current Status and Future Perspectives.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Review
- The Commonly Used Stabilizers for Phytochemical-Based Nanoparticles: Stabilization Effects, Mechanisms, and Applications.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Precision Vaccinology Approaches for the Development of Adjuvanted Vaccines Targeted to Distinct Vulnerable Populations.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Article
- Nasal sprays for treating COVID-19: a scientific note.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2023Review
- Effective Endotoxin Removal from Chitosan That Preserves Chemical Structure and Improves Compatibility with Immune Cells.Polymers · 2023Article
- Current Progress and Challenges in the Study of Adjuvants for Oral Vaccines.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2023Review
- Nasal Administration of M2e/CpG-ODN Encapsulated in N-Trimethyl Chitosan (TMC) Significantly Increases Specific Immune Responses in a Mouse Model.Archives of Razi Institute · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The nasal route is attractive for the delivery of vaccines in that it not only offers an easy to use, non-invasive, needle-free alternative to more conventional parenteral injection, but it also creates an opportunity to elicit both systemic and (crucially) mucosal immune responses which may increase the capability of controlling pathogens at the site of entry. Immune responses to "naked" antigens are often modest and it is widely accepted that incorporation of an adjuvant is a prerequisite for the achievement of clinically effective nasal vaccines. Many existing adjuvants are sub-optimal or unsuitable because of local toxicity or poor enhancement of immunogenicity. Chitosan, particularly chitosan salts, have now been used in several preclinical and clinical studies with good tolerability, excellent immune stimulation and positive clinical results across a number of infections. Particularly significant evidence supporting chitosan as an adjuvant for nasal vaccination comes from clinical investigations on a norovirus vaccine; this demonstrated the ability of chitosan (ChiSys®), when combined with monophosphoryl lipid, to evoke robust immunological responses and confer protective immunity following (enteral) norovirus challenge. This article summarizes the totality of the meaningful information (including key unpublished data) supporting the development of chitosan-adjuvanted vaccines.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.