ArticlePerception2013
Developmental changes in the balance of disparity, blur, and looming/proximity cues to drive ocular alignment and focus.
Article in Perception, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Development of size constancy in children: A review and meta-analysis of size-matching studies.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2026Pooled it
- Accommodative responses stimulated from the Maddox components of vergence in participants with normal binocular vision.Journal of vision · 2025Trial
- The Measurement and Clinical Implications of the CA/C Ratio in Binocular Vision: A Literature Review.The British and Irish orthoptic journal · 2026Review
- Exploring the impact of age of onset on stereoacuity in patients with myasthenia gravis.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Article
- Convergence and divergence to radial optic flow in infancy.Journal of vision · 2019Article
- Optical Coherence Tomography Findings After Childhood Lensectomy.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2019Article
- The Importance of the Interaction Between Ocular Motor Function and Vision During Human Infancy.Annual review of vision science · 2019Review
- Induced vergence-accommodation conflict reduces cognitive performance in the Stroop test.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Asymmetrical accommodation in hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2018Article
- Human infants can generate vergence responses to retinal disparity by 5 to 10 weeks of age.Journal of vision · 2018Article
- Article
- Sensitivity of vergence responses of 5- to 10-week-old human infants.Journal of vision · 2016Article
- Convergence and Accommodation Development Is Preprogrammed in Premature Infants.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2015Article
- Disparity-driven vs blur-driven models of accommodation and convergence in binocular vision and intermittent strabismus.Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Accurate coordination of accommodation and convergence is necessary to view near objects and develop fine motor coordination. We used a remote haploscopic videorefraction paradigm to measure longitudinal changes in simultaneous ocular accommodation and vergence to targets at different depths, and to all combinations of blur, binocular disparity, and change-in-size ('proximity') cues. Infants were followed longitudinally and compared with older children and young adults, with the prediction that sensitivity to different cues would change during development. Mean infant responses to the most naturalistic condition were similar to those of adults from 6-7 weeks (accommodation) and 8-9 weeks (vergence). Proximity cues influenced responses most in infants of less than 14 weeks of age, but sensitivity declined thereafter. Between 12 and 28 weeks of age infants were equally responsive to all three cues, while in older children and adults manipulation of disparity resulted in the greatest changes in response. Despite rapid development of visual acuity (thus increasing availability of blur cues), responses to blur were stable throughout development. Our results suggest that, during much of infancy, vergence and accommodation responses are not dependent on the development of specific depth cues, but make use of any cues available to drive appropriate changes in response.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.