ArticleAAPS PharmSciTech2014
Chitosan nanoparticle encapsulated hemagglutinin-split influenza virus mucosal vaccine.
Article in AAPS PharmSciTech, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 96 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Pooled it
- Immunostimulant-integrated acrylate nanocomposite adjuvants potentiate foot-and-mouth disease vaccine efficacy.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Article
- Rational design of next-generation vaccine adjuvants: From molecular mechanisms to hybrid delivery platforms.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Immunopotentiation by Natural Extracts: Mechanisms and Applications in Influenza Vaccine Adjuvant Development.Food science & nutrition · 2026Review
- Polysaccharide Adjuvants as Innate Immune Trainers: Bridging Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR) Activation and Metabolic Reprogramming for Synthetic Vaccine Design.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Formulation and clinical translation of inhalable nanomedicines for the treatment and prevention of pulmonary infectious diseases.Drug delivery and translational research · 2025Review
- Synthesis of Chitosan Nanoparticles via Microfluidic Approach: The Role of Temperature in Tailoring Aggregation for Enhanced Uniformity.Micromachines · 2025Article
- Article
- Review
- Vaccine adjuvants: mechanisms and platforms.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2023Review
- Nanostructures for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of viral respiratory infections: from influenza virus to SARS-CoV-2 variants.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2023Review
- Recent Advances in Inhaled Nanoformulations of Vaccines and Therapeutics Targeting Respiratory Viral Infections.Pharmaceutical research · 2023Review
- Preparation, characterization and properties of three different nanomaterials either alone or loaded with nystatin or fluconazole antifungals.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Polymeric Nanoparticles for Inhaled Vaccines.Polymers · 2022Review
- Different Methods and Formulations of Drugs and Vaccines for Nasal Administration.Pharmaceutics · 2022Review
- Intranasal COVID-19 vaccines: From bench to bed.EBioMedicine · 2022Review
- Article
- Revolutionizing polymer-based nanoparticle-linked vaccines for targeting respiratory viruses: A perspective.Life sciences · 2021Review
- Nanotherapeutics for treating coronavirus diseases.Journal of drug delivery science and technology · 2021Review
- Emerging Advances of Nanotechnology in Drug and Vaccine Delivery against Viral Associated Respiratory Infectious Diseases (VARID).International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Subunit/split influenza vaccines are less reactogenic compared with the whole virus vaccines. However, their immunogenicity is relatively low and thus required proper adjuvant and/or delivery vehicle for immunogenicity enhancement. Influenza vaccines administered intramuscularly induce minimum, if any, mucosal immunity at the respiratory mucosa which is the prime site of the infection. In this study, chitosan (CS) nanoparticles were prepared by ionic cross-linking of the CS with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) at the CS/TPP ratio of 1:0.6 using 2 h mixing time. The CS/TPP nanoparticles were used as delivery vehicle of an intranasal influenza vaccine made of hemagglutinin (HA)-split influenza virus product. Innocuousness, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of the CS/TPP-HA vaccine were tested in influenza mouse model in comparison with the antigen alone vaccine. The CS/TPP-HA nanoparticles had required characteristics including nano-sizes, positive charges, and high antigen encapsulation efficiency. Mice that received two doses of the CS/TPP-HA vaccine intranasally showed no adverse symptoms indicating the vaccine innocuousness. The animals developed higher systemic and mucosal antibody responses than vaccine made of the HA-split influenza virus alone. The CS/TPP-HA vaccine could induce also a cell-mediated immune response shown as high numbers of IFN-γ-secreting cells in spleens while the HA vaccine alone could not. Besides, the CS nanoparticle encapsulated HA-split vaccine reduced markedly the influenza morbidity and also conferred 100% protective rate to the vaccinated mice against lethal influenza virus challenge. Overall results indicated that the CS nanoparticles invented in this study is an effective and safe delivery vehicle/adjuvant for the influenza vaccine.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.