Trial reportPloS one2013
Decreased galectin-9 and increased Tim-3 expression are related to poor prognosis in gastric cancer.
Trial report in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 99 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
99 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 174 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bibliometric analysis of knowledge maps and future trends of TIM-3 in cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Pooled it
- New insights on Galectin-9 expression in cancer prognosis: An updated systemic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2025Pooled it
- TIM-3 as a Prognostic Marker and a Potential Immunotherapy Target in Human Malignant Tumors: A Meta-Analysis and Bioinformatics Validation.Frontiers in oncology · 2021Pooled it
- Prognostic Values of TIM-3 Expression in Patients With Solid Tumors: A Meta-Analysis and Database Evaluation.Frontiers in oncology · 2020Pooled it
- TIM-3 is a potential prognostic marker for patients with solid tumors: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Oncotarget · 2017Pooled it
- Targeting Immune Checkpoint Proteins in Cancer Therapy and the Potential of RNAi-Based Immunotherapy.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Advances in Cancer Immunotherapy for Solid Tumors.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- T Cell Exhaustion in Cancer Immunotherapy: Heterogeneity, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Opportunities.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Strategies for constructing context-specific protein-protein interaction networks.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2026Review
- The LGALS9/miR-491-5p Axis Regulates CD8Cancer science · 2026Article
- Soluble TIM-3 and galectin-9 predict survival in gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancer.iScience · 2025Article
- Galectin-9-An Emerging Glyco-Immune Checkpoint Target for Cancer Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Review
- Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus sintilimab in pMMR/MSS rectal cancer patients with PD-L1 TPS ≥ 1% or CPS ≥ 1: an open-label, prospective, phase II study.NPJ precision oncology · 2025Article
- Current Advances and Future Directions for Sensitizing Gastric Cancer to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.Cancer medicine · 2025Review
- Galectin-9 and Tim-3 in gastric cancer: a checkpoint axis driving T cell exhaustion and Treg-mediated immunosuppression independently of anti-PD-1 blockade.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Diagnostic and prognostic value of CD44v9 and TIM3 expression in CKOncology letters · 2024Article
- Combination of locoregional radiotherapy with a TIM-3 aptamer improves survival in diffuse midline glioma models.JCI insight · 2024Article
- Expression of Intracellular Galectin-8 and -9 in Endometrial Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Promising immunotherapy targets: TIM3, LAG3, and TIGIT joined the party.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2024Review
39 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionGalectin-9 (Gal-9) induces adhesion and aggregation of certain cell types and inhibits the metastasis of tumor cells. T-cell immunoglobulin-and mucin domain-3-containing molecule 3 (TIM-3) plays a pivotal role in immune regulation. The aim of this study is to investigate Gal-9 and TIM-3 alterations in gastric cancer and their prognostic values.
methodsGal-9 and Tim-3 expression was evaluated using a tissue microarray immunohistochemistry method in 305 gastric cancers, of which 84 had paired adjacent normal samples. Cell lines SGC-7901, BGC-823, MGC-803, MKN45 and GES-1 were also stained. Correlations were analyzed between expression levels of Gal-9 and Tim-3 protein and tumor parameters or clinical outcomes.
resultsGal-9 and Tim-3 stained positive on tumor cells in 86.2% (263/305), and 60.0% (183/305) patients with gastric cancer, respectively. Gal-9 expression was significantly higher in cancer than in normal mucosa (P<0.001). Reduced Gal-9 expression was associated with lymph-vascular invasion, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and worse TNM staging (P = 0.034, P = 0.009, P = 0.002 and P = 0.043, respectively). In contrast, Tim-3 expression was significantly lower in cancer than in control mucosa (P<0.001). Patients with lymph-vascular invasion had higher expression levels of Tim-3 (P<0.001). Moreover, multivariate analysis shows that both high Gal-9 expression and low Tim-3 expression were significantly associated with long overall survival (P = 0.002, P = 0.010, respectively); the combination of Gal-9 and Tim-3 expression was an independent prognostic predictor for patients with gastric cancer (RR: 0.43; 95%CI: 0.20-0.93). H.pylori infection status was not associated with Gal-9 and Tim-3 expression (P = 0.102, P = 0.565).
conclusionThe results suggest that expression of Gal-9 and Tim-3 in tumor cells may be a potential, independent prognostic factor for patients with gastric cancer. Gal-9 and TIM-3 may play an important part in the gastric carcinogenesis.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.