ReviewFrontiers in immunology2013
Granuloma formation in pulmonary sarcoidosis.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 149 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genome-wide association for sarcoidosis identifies novel risk loci and genetic heritability in African and European ancestries: a meta-analysis from the Finngen, Million Veteran Program, UK Biobank, and Biobank Japan datasets.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Immunomodulating Therapies in Acute Myocarditis and Recurrent/Acute Pericarditis.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Sarcoidosis as an Autoimmune Disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Pooled it
- Specific Biomarkers Involved in Sarcoidosis Diagnosis and Prognosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- The inflammatory fingerprint reveals immune cell populations associated with disease activity in cardiac sarcoidosis.Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society · 2026Article
- Metabolomic signaling in sarcoidosis pathogenesis.Current opinion in immunology · 2026Review
- Lymphocyte signal transduction defects in cutaneous sarcoidosis and implications for treatment.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Enlarged, activated alveolar macrophages as quantitative surrogates of disease activity in pulmonary sarcoidosis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Differential Transcriptomic Features of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Pulmonary Sarcoidosis with and Without Extrapulmonary Lesions in an East Asian Population.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Signal regulating proteins (SIRPs) participate in sarcoidosis granuloma formation by promoting immune cell aggregation.Respiratory research · 2025Article
- Granulomatous interstitial nephritis due to sarcoidosis following SARS-CoV-2 infection: a rare case report.CEN case reports · 2025Article
- Rituximab in pathologically confirmed sarcoidosis affecting the central nervous system: a multi-center retrospective study.Journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Drug-Induced Sarcoid-like Reactions Associated to Targeted Therapies and Biologic Agents.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Loss of CXCR5 expression and monocyte epithelial-mesenchymal transition are blood-borne signatures of sterile granulomatous diseases.Clinical & translational immunology · 2025Article
- Chronic Sarcoidosis: Diagnostic Difficulties and Search for New Criteria of Inflammatory Activity (A Case Report and Literature Review).Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Article
- Imbalance of B-Cell Subpopulations in the Microenvironment of Sarcoidosis or Lung Cancer.Cells · 2024Article
- Review
- Serum chitotriosidase activity in South African patients with sarcoidosis and tuberculosis.African journal of thoracic and critical care medicine · 2024Article
- Emerging Therapeutic Options for Refractory Pulmonary Sarcoidosis: The Evidence and Proposed Mechanisms of Action.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disorder of unknown cause, affecting multiple organs, but mainly the lungs. The exact order of immunological events remains obscure. Reviewing current literature, combined with careful clinical observations, we propose a model for granuloma formation in pulmonary sarcoidosis. A tight collaboration between macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocyte subsets, initiates the first steps toward granuloma formation, orchestrated by cytokines and chemokines. In a substantial part of pulmonary sarcoidosis patients, granuloma formation becomes an on-going process, leading to debilitating disease, and sometimes death. The immunological response, determining granuloma sustainment is not well understood. An impaired immunosuppressive function of regulatory T cells has been suggested to contribute to the exaggerated response. Interestingly, therapeutical agents commonly used in sarcoidosis, such as glucocorticosteroids and anti-TNF agents, interfere with granuloma integrity and restore the immune homeostasis in autoimmune disorders. Increasing insight into their mechanisms of action may contribute to the search for new therapeutical targets in pulmonary sarcoidosis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.