ArticleInternational journal of cancer2014
Effects of α-tocopherol and β-carotene supplementation on cancer incidence and mortality: 18-year postintervention follow-up of the Alpha-tocopherol, Beta-carotene Cancer Prevention Study.
Article in International journal of cancer, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 107 citations in OpenAlex.
- Asian Pacific Association of Gastroenterology task force recommendations on surveillance forGut · 2026Guideline
- Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Dietary Supplements and Risk of Cause-Specific Death, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Primary Prevention Trials.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2017Pooled it
- Effects of Nutrition Intervention on Total and Cancer Mortality: 25-Year Post-trial Follow-up of the 5.25-Year Linxian Nutrition Intervention Trial.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2018Trial
- The Role of Gut Microbiome in Prostate Cancer: Current Evidence and Emerging Opportunities.Cancers · 2026Review
- Interplay of oxidative stress and antioxidant mechanisms in cancer development and progression.Archives of toxicology · 2026Review
- Calafate (Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Integrating Botanicals into Oncology Care: Consideration of FDA Regulation of Botanical Products and Botanical Clinical Trials.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2025Article
- Supplementary selenium and vitamin E in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.Nature reviews. Urology · 2024Article
- Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for vitamin E.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2024Article
- Exploring Therapeutic Potential of Catalase: Strategies in Disease Prevention and Management.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- Antioxidant and Anti-Tumor Effects of Dietary Vitamins A, C, and E.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Oxidized β-Carotene Is a Novel Phytochemical Immune Modulator That Supports Animal Health and Performance for Antibiotic-Free Production.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Review
- Article
- Role of endogenous and exogenous antioxidants in risk of six cancers: evidence from the Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Article
- Variations in Antioxidant Capacity, Oxidative Stability, and Physicochemical Quality Parameters of Walnut (Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Natural Compounds and Products from an Anti-Aging Perspective.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Metabolomic analysis of serum alpha-tocopherol among men in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2022Article
- A 28-year prospective analysis of serum vitamin E, vitamin E-related genetic variation and risk of prostate cancer.Prostate cancer and prostatic diseases · 2022Article
- Association between Circulating Antioxidants and Longevity: Insight from Mendelian Randomization Study.BioMed research international · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
In the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study among 29,133 Finnish male smokers aged 50-69 years, daily α-tocopherol (50 mg) for a median of 6.1 years decreased the risk of prostate cancer, whereas β-carotene (20 mg) increased risk of lung cancer and overall mortality. To determine the postintervention effects of α-tocopherol and β-carotene, 25,563 men were followed 18 years for cancer incidence and all causes of mortality through national registers. Neither supplement had significant effects on post-trial cancer incidence. Relative risk (RR) for lung cancer (n = 2,881) was 1.04 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.96-1.11) among β-carotene recipients compared with nonrecipients. For prostate cancer (n = 2,321), RR was 0.97 (95% CI, 0.89-1.05) among α-tocopherol recipients compared with nonrecipients with the preventive effect of α-tocopherol continuing ∼8 years postintervention. Body mass index significantly modified the effect of α-tocopherol on prostate cancer (p for interaction = 0.01) RR 1.00 (95% CI, 0.88-1.14) in normal-weight men, 0.87 (95% CI, 0.77-0.98) in overweight men, and 1.25 (95% CI, 1.01-1.55) in obese men. The post-trial relative mortality (based on 16,686 deaths) was 1.02 (95% CI, 0.98-1.05) for α-tocopherol recipients compared with nonrecipients and 1.02 (95% CI, 0.99-1.05) for β-carotene recipients compared with nonrecipients. α-Tocopherol decreased post-trial prostate cancer mortality (RR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.70-0.99), whereas β-carotene increased it (RR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.01-1.42). In conclusion, supplementation with α-tocopherol and β-carotene appeared to have no late effects on cancer incidence. The preventive effect of moderate-dose α-tocopherol on prostate cancer continued several years post-trial and resulted in lower prostate cancer mortality.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.