ArticleBiological trace element research2014
Cadmium, lead, copper and zinc in breast milk in Poland.
Article in Biological trace element research, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 100 citations in OpenAlex.
- Chemical Components in the Breast Milk of Passive Smoker Women: A Systematic Review and Health Risks Assessment.Biological trace element research · 2025Pooled it
- Chemical Components in the Breast Milk of Passive Smoker Women: A Systematic Review and Health Risks Assessment.Biological trace element research · 2025Pooled it
- The impact of environmental pollution on the quality of mother's milk.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2019Pooled it
- Human Milk as a Biomonitor of Toxic Metal Exposure: Sources, Transfer Mechanisms, and Implications for Infant Health-A Review.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Lead exposure across early life in Latin America and the Caribbean: prevention strategies and reproductive health considerations.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2026Review
- Copper homeostasis and pregnancy complications: a comprehensive review.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2025Review
- Molecular signature of cadmium-mediated neurodevelopmental disorders in prenatal to postnatal stages.EXCLI journal · 2025Review
- Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Lactation.Cureus · 2024Review
- Assessment of Heavy Metals and Trace Elements in the Human Milk of Women Living in Latvia and an Evaluation of Influencing Factors.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Lactational Exposure of Human Infants to Metal (loid)s: A Comparison of Industrial and Urban Inhabitants in North of the Persian Gulf.Biological trace element research · 2024Article
- Essential and non-essential element concentrations in human milk samples and the assessment of infants' exposure.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Levels of toxic and trace metals in the breast milk of lactating mothers in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.Toxicology reports · 2023Article
- The effects of active and passive smoking on selected trace element levels in human milk.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- The Influence of the Lactation Period and the Type of Milk on the Content of Amino Acids and Minerals in Human Milk and Infant Formulas.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The Content of Cd and Pb in Herbs and Single-Component Spices Used in Polish Cuisine.Biological trace element research · 2023Article
- Human health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in the breast milk consumed by infants in Western Iran.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Comparison of toxic heavy metals in the breast milk of diabetic and non-diabetic postpartum mothers in Yenagoa, Nigeria.PloS one · 2023Article
- Predictors of Breast Milk Zinc Levels Among Breastfeeding Women in Palestine: a Cross-Sectional Study.Biological trace element research · 2022Article
- Kidney Cadmium Concentrations in an Urban Sri Lankan Population: an Autopsy Study.Biological trace element research · 2021Article
- Health Risk Assessments of Selected Trace Elements and Factors Associated with Their Levels in Human Breast Milk from Pretoria, South Africa.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Mother's milk is the fundamental food for infants. It contains proteins, fat, carbohydrates and essential metals which are necessary to ensure correct functioning of the organism. Unfortunately, breast milk is a potential source of toxic metals, which are dangerous for a baby. In Poland, previous research concerning the content of metals in breast milk was very scarce or its results were unavailable. The present study aimed at assessing the content of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in human breast milk, as well as estimating the mean weekly intake of these metals by breast-fed infants from Poland. The average concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn were 2.114 μg/l, 6.331 μg/l, 0.137 mg/l and 1.623 mg/l, respectively. The admissible levels of supply of these toxic metals has not been exceeded, but their contents were high, particularly in 6-month-old infants (nearly 85 % TWI for Cd and nearly 70 % BMDL₀₁ for Pb). The daily intake of Cu and Zn did not fully satisfy the infant's requirements determined by Polish standards and WHO recommendations. Since the lifestyle of lactating women has a direct influence on the content of these elements in breast milk, women should be educated in this respect with particular focus on eliminating tobacco smoking, both by breastfeeding mothers and by their direct environment.
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Registered trials
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