SynthesisThe Pediatric infectious disease journal2014
Systematic review of the indirect effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine dosing schedules on pneumococcal disease and colonization.
Synthesis in The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 113 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review of the efficacy, effectiveness and impact of high-valency pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on otitis media.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Pooled it
- Vaccination herd effect experience in Latin America: a systematic literature review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2019Pooled it
- Pooled it
- The Clinical Effectiveness of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Deutsches Arzteblatt international · 2016Pooled it
- Methods for a systematic review of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine dosing schedules.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2014Pooled it
- Systematic review of the effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine dosing schedules on vaccine-type nasopharyngeal carriage.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2014Pooled it
- Systematic review of the effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine dosing schedules on prevention of pneumonia.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2014Pooled it
- Systematic review of the effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine dosing schedules on vaccine-type invasive pneumococcal disease among young children.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2014Pooled it
- Estimating the Serotype-Specific Association Between the Concentration of Vaccine-Induced Serum Antibodies and Protection Against Pneumococcal Colonization.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- Antibody persistence and immunologic memory in children vaccinated with 4 doses of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines: Results from 2 long-term follow-up studies.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2017Trial
- Streptococcus pneumoniae colonisation in children and adolescents with asthma: impact of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and evaluation of potential effect of thirteen-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.BMC infectious diseases · 2016Trial
- Invasive Pneumococcal Disease burden, clinical characteristics, serotypes' distribution, immunization status and antimicrobial resistance: Evidence from 12-year hospital-based surveillance and cost analysis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Indirect Effects in Health Economic Models of Vaccines: Should We Include Them, and How Do We Model Them?Applied health economics and health policy · 2026Review
- Post-Vaccination Surveillance of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Ghana.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Higher valency vaccines' impact on antimicrobial resistance rates inEuro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2025Article
- Assessing the impact of childhood pneumococcal vaccination on pneumonia mortality in Colombia: a 14-year analysis.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Pneumococcal Carriage in the Sahel Region of Burkina Faso before a 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination Campaign.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Article
- Genomic characterization ofMicrobial genomics · 2025Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTo aid decision making for pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) use in infant national immunization programs, we summarized the indirect effects of PCV on clinical outcomes among nontargeted age groups.
methodsWe systematically reviewed the English literature on infant PCV dosing schedules published from 1994 to 2010 (with ad hoc addition of 2011 articles) for outcomes on children >5 years of age and adults including vaccine-type nasopharyngeal carriage (VT-NP), vaccine-type invasive pneumococcal disease (VT-IPD) and syndromic pneumonia.
resultsOf 12,980 citations reviewed, we identified 21 VT-IPD, 6 VT-NP and 9 pneumonia studies. Of these 36, 21 (58%) included 3 primary doses plus PCV or pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) booster schedule (3+1 or 3+PPV23), 5 (14%) 3+0, 9 (25%) 2+1 and 1 (3%) 2+0. Most (95%) were PCV7 studies. Among observational VT-IPD studies, all schedules (2+1, 3+0 and 3+1) demonstrated reductions in incidence among young adult groups. Among syndromic pneumonia observational studies (2+1, 3+0 and 3+1), only 3+1 schedules showed significant indirect impact. Of 2 VT-NP controlled trials (3+0 and 3+1) and 3 VT-NP observational studies (2+1, 3+1 and 3+PPV23), 3+1 and 3+PPV23 schedules showed significant indirect effect. The 1 study to directly compare between schedules was a VT-NP study (2+0 vs. 2+1), which found no indirect effect on older siblings and parents of vaccinated children with either schedule.
conclusionsIndirect benefit of a 3+1 infant PCV dosing schedule has been demonstrated for VT-IPD, VT-NP and syndromic pneumonia; 2+1 and 3+0 schedules have demonstrated indirect effect only for VT-IPD. The choice of optimal infant PCV schedule is limited by data paucity on indirect effects, especially a lack of head-to-head studies and studies of PCV10 and PCV13.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.