SynthesisJournal of the National Cancer Institute2014
Lifetime cigarette smoking and breast cancer prognosis in the After Breast Cancer Pooling Project.
Synthesis in Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 96 citations in OpenAlex.
- Combined lifestyle factors on mortality and cardiovascular disease among cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Impact of smoking history on the outcomes of women with early-stage breast cancer: a secondary analysis of a randomized study.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2018Trial
- The Impact of Breast Reconstruction on Smoking Cessation Among Patients With Breast Cancer.Journal of surgical oncology · 2026Article
- Development of Cancer Therapy-Related Cardiac Dysfunction Is Associated With Disease Progression in Breast Cancer.Circulation reports · 2026Article
- Evidence for the benefits of lifestyle medicine interventions in breast cancer survivorship.The oncologist · 2025Review
- Assessing the recurrence rate in locally advanced Luminal A patients compared to triple-negative patients in Shahid Rahimi Hospital Khorramabad in 2022: a cross-sectional study.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Article
- A dataset of chronic nicotine-induced genes in breast cancer cells.Data in brief · 2025Article
- S100A8/A9 innate immune signaling as a distinct mechanism driving progression of smoking-related breast cancers.Oncogene · 2025Article
- Determinants of persistent smoking among breast cancer survivors.Preventive medicine reports · 2024Article
- Alcohol, Smoking, and Risks of Breast Cancer Recurrence and Mortality among Women with Luminal, Triple-Negative, and HER2-Overexpressing Breast Cancer.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2024Article
- Pretreatment Circulating Albumin, Platelet, and RDW-SD Associated with Worse Disease-Free Survival in Patients with Breast Cancer.Breast cancer (Dove Medical Press) · 2024Article
- Breast cancer awareness among women in the Syrian Coast: a cross-sectional study.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2023Article
- Neutrophil elastase: From mechanisms to therapeutic potential.Journal of pharmaceutical analysis · 2023Review
- Smoking and Radiation-induced Skin Injury: Analysis of a Multiracial, Multiethnic Prospective Clinical Trial.Clinical breast cancer · 2022Article
- The Association between Smoking and Mortality in Women with Breast Cancer: A Real-World Database Analysis.Cancers · 2022Article
- The Association Between Smoking Status and Breast Cancer Recurrence: A Systematic Review.Journal of breast cancer · 2022Article
- Relationship between Cigarette Smoking and Cancer Characteristics and Survival among Breast Cancer Patients.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Article
- Immune Infiltration Represents Potential Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.BioMed research international · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThere is controversy on whether former smokers have increased risk for breast cancer recurrence or all-cause mortality, regardless of how much they smoked.
methodsData were from three US cohorts in the After Breast Cancer Pooling Project, with detailed information on smoking among 9975 breast cancer survivors. Smoking was assessed an average of 2 years after diagnosis. Delayed entry Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the relationships of smoking status, cigarettes per day, years of smoking, and pack years with breast cancer prognosis. Endpoints included breast cancer recurrence (n = 1727), breast cancer mortality (n = 1059), and overall mortality (n = 1803).
resultsCompared with never smokers, former smokers with less than 20 pack-years of exposure had no increased risk of any outcome. However, former smokers with 20 to less than 34.9 pack-years of exposure had a 22% increased risk of breast cancer recurrence (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.22; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01 to 1.48) and a 26% increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 1.26; 95% CI = 1.07 to 1.48). For former smokers with 35 or more pack-years of exposure, the probability of recurrence increased by 37% (HR = 1.37; 95% CI = 1.13 to 1.66), breast cancer mortality increased by 54% (HR = 1.54; 95% CI = 1.24 to 1.91), and all-cause mortality increased by 68% (HR = 1.68; 95% CI = 1.44 to 1.96). Current smoking increased the probability of recurrence by 41% (HR = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.16 to 1.71), increased breast cancer mortality by 60% (HR = 1.61; 95% CI = 1.28 to 2.03), and doubled the risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 2.17; 95% CI = 1.85 to 2.54).
conclusionsLifetime cigarette smoking was statistically significantly associated with a poor prognosis among women diagnosed with breast cancer, dose-dependent increased risks of recurrence, and breast cancer and all-cause mortality.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.