ArticleEnvironmental health perspectives2014
Anogenital distance and penile length in infants with hypospadias or cryptorchidism: comparison with normative data.
Article in Environmental health perspectives, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 142 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between anogenital distance and hypospadias: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Pooled it
- Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of human and animal evidence of prenatal diethylhexyl phthalate exposure and changes in male anogenital distance.Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part B, Critical reviews · 2018Pooled it
- Reference values for Japanese fetal penile length.Journal of medical ultrasonics (2001) · 2026Article
- Anogenital distance in patients with Klinefelter syndrome.Clinical and experimental reproductive medicine · 2026Article
- External genital features and normative values for anogenital distances and penile length at birth in a healthy Italian population: data from the LIFE-MILCH project.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Investigation of anogenital distance/anal position index and intestinal functional outcomes in children with hypospadias.Pediatric surgery international · 2025Article
- Social and biological factors related to gender expression in 3-year-old children.Endocrine connections · 2025Article
- Relationship between anogenital distance and testicular position in male infants with cryptorchidism with and without hypospadias.International urology and nephrology · 2025Article
- Exposure to polyoxyethylene tallow amines (POEAs), glyphosate co-formulation surfactants, in a US pregnant population and their potential endocrine disrupting effects.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2025Article
- Association of prenatal chlorpyrifos exposure with sexually dimorphic differences in anogenital distance among Thai farmworker children.Environmental research · 2024Article
- Anogenital distance in a cohort of 169 infant boys with uni- or bilateral cryptorchidism including 18 boys with vanishing testes.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2024Article
- Correlation of anogenital distance from childhood to age 9 years-a prospective population-based birth cohort-the Odense Child Cohort.Human reproduction open · 2024Article
- Development and verification of machine learning model based on anogenital distance, penoscrotal distance, and 2D:4D finger ratio before puberty to predict hypospadias classification.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Article
- Association between anogenital distance as a noninvasive index in the diagnosis and prognosis of reproductive disorder: A systematic review.International journal of reproductive biomedicine · 2023Review
- [Mechanisms mediating the inhibitory effects of quercetin against phthalates-induced testicular oxidative damage in rats].Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University · 2023Article
- Prenatal exposure to fine particulate matter and newborn anogenital distance: a prospective cohort study.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2023Article
- Reference Values for and Correlation Analysis of the Anogenital Distance of Chinese Han Full-Term Singleton Neonates.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Article
- Eicosanoid Biosynthesis in Male Reproductive Development: Effects of Perinatal Exposure to NSAIDs and Analgesic Drugs.Frontiers in toxicology · 2022Review
- Maternal Paracetamol Intake During Pregnancy-Impacts on Offspring Reproductive Development.Frontiers in toxicology · 2022Review
- Patients with disorders of sex development.Annals of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAnogenital distance (AGD) in animals is a sensitive biomarker of fetal endocrine disruption and the associated testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS). However, AGD in human infants with cryptorchidism and hypospadias, which are potential manifestations of TDS during childhood, is not clearly described.
objectiveOur aim was to compare AGD in boys with cryptorchidism or hypospadias against normative data.
methodsBoys with isolated cryptorchidism (n = 71, age 13.4 ± 5.8 months) or hypospadias (n = 81, age 11.4 ± 6.2 months) were recruited from a tertiary center for measurement of AGD and penile length; they were compared with 487 healthy full-term boys from a birth cohort by deriving age-specific standard deviation scores (SDS).
resultsBoys with cryptorchidism were older (p = 0.048) compared with boys with hypospadias. Boys with hypospadias had shorter mean AGD and penile length SDS than healthy boys (both p < 0.0001). Mean AGD and penile length SDS values in boys with cryptorchidism were longer than mean values in boys with hypospadias (both p < 0.01) and shorter than mean values in healthy boys (both p < 0.0001). Mean penile length SDS decreased as the severity of hypospadias increased (ptrend = 0.078).
conclusionsIn the study population, AGD and penile length were reduced in boys with hypospadias or cryptorchidism relative to normative data derived from a longitudinal birth cohort. The findings support the use of AGD as a quantitative biomarker to examine the prenatal effects of exposure to endocrine disruptors on the development of the male reproductive tract.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.