ReviewLancet (London, England)2014
Schizophrenia: an integrated sociodevelopmental-cognitive model.
Review in Lancet (London, England), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 377 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
377 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Trauma-focused psychological interventions for psychosis: Meta-analytic evidence of differential effects on delusions and hallucinations.Psychological medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Impact of Obstetric Complications in Subjects at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica · 2025Pooled it
- Lurasidone versus typical antipsychotics for schizophrenia.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Chronic social stressors and striatal dopamine functioning in humans: A systematic review of SPECT and PET studies.Molecular psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- The impact of sex on gene expression in the brain of schizophrenic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of transcriptomic studies.Biology of sex differences · 2024Pooled it
- The effectiveness and tolerability of trauma-focused psychotherapies for psychotic symptoms: A systematic review of trauma-focused psychotherapies.International journal of methods in psychiatric research · 2024Pooled it
- Altered neural mechanism of social reward anticipation in individuals with schizophrenia and social anhedonia.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2023Pooled it
- Questioning the role of palmitoylethanolamide in psychosis: a systematic review of clinical and preclinical evidence.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Neural substrates of reward anticipation and outcome in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of fMRI findings in the monetary incentive delay task.Translational psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Age at onset of mental disorders worldwide: large-scale meta-analysis of 192 epidemiological studies.Molecular psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Parenting interventions for people with schizophrenia or related serious mental illness.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Therapy process factors in early psychosis: The effect of working alliance on clinical symptoms and cognitive biases in Ultra High Risk young people.Schizophrenia research · 2025Trial
- Relationships between early age at onset of psychotic symptoms and treatment resistant schizophrenia.Early intervention in psychiatry · 2022Trial
- Altered relationship between cortisol response to social stress and mediotemporal function during fear processing in people at clinical high risk for psychosis: a preliminary report.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2022Trial
- Antipsychotic-like effects of TAAR1 agonists and D2 receptor blockers are mediated through distinct modulation of striatal neuronal dynamics.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Environmental Exposures and Computational Mechanisms in Psychosis Risk: Insights from a Multi-Site Cohort.Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2026Article
- The global cost of schizophrenia: a health economic modelling study.International journal of mental health systems · 2026Article
- Aging in Schizophrenia: Clinical, Biological, and Psychosocial Perspectives.Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Polygenic risk meets early trauma: toward a neuropsychodevelopmental model of schizophrenia.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Review
- Dopamine synthesis capacity in patients with remitted psychosis: correlates and one year outcome on relapse.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
317 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Schizophrenia remains a major burden on patients and society. The dopamine hypothesis attempts to explain the pathogenic mechanisms of the disorder, and the neurodevelopmental hypothesis the origins. In the past 10 years an alternative, the cognitive model, has gained popularity. However, the first two theories have not been satisfactorily integrated, and the most influential iteration of the cognitive model makes no mention of dopamine, neurodevelopment, or indeed the brain. In this Review we show that developmental alterations secondary to variant genes, early hazards to the brain, and childhood adversity sensitise the dopamine system, and result in excessive presynaptic dopamine synthesis and release. Social adversity biases the cognitive schema that the individual uses to interpret experiences towards paranoid interpretations. Subsequent stress results in dysregulated dopamine release, causing the misattribution of salience to stimuli, which are then misinterpreted by the biased cognitive processes. The resulting paranoia and hallucinations in turn cause further stress, and eventually repeated dopamine dysregulation hardwires the psychotic beliefs. Finally, we consider the implications of this model for understanding and treatment of schizophrenia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.