ReviewFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2013
Examining the tsetse teneral phenomenon and permissiveness to trypanosome infection.
Review in Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed.
- PGRP-LA regulates peritrophic matrix synthesis and influences trypanosome infection outcomes in tsetse flies.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Viviparity and obligate blood feeding: tsetse flies as a unique research system to study climate change.Current opinion in insect science · 2025Review
- The impact of blood on vector-borne diseases with emphasis on mosquitoes and sand flies.Trends in parasitology · 2025Review
- Cell wall components of gut commensal bacteria stimulate peritrophic matrix formation in malaria vector mosquitoes through activation of the IMD pathway.PLoS biology · 2025Article
- How do host age and nutrition affect density regulation of obligate versus facultative bacterial symbionts? Insights from the tsetse fly.ISME communications · 2025Article
- Bovine trypanosomosis, vector distribution and infection rate in three districts of Gamo Zone, southwestern Ethiopia.Parasite epidemiology and control · 2024Article
- Comparison of stochastic and deterministic models for gambiense sleeping sickness at different spatial scales: A health area analysis in the DRC.PLoS computational biology · 2024Article
- Pathogenicity and virulence of African trypanosomes: From laboratory models to clinically relevant hosts.Virulence · 2023Review
- Investigating the unaccounted ones: insights on age-dependent reproductive loss in a viviparous fly.Frontiers in ecology and evolution · 2023Article
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- The developmentally dynamic microRNA transcriptome ofBioinformatics advances · 2022Article
- Modelling the impact of fexinidazole use on human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) transmission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- Paratransgenic manipulation of a tsetse microRNA alters the physiological homeostasis of the fly's midgut environment.PLoS pathogens · 2021Article
- The holobiont transcriptome of teneral tsetse fly species of varying vector competence.BMC genomics · 2021Article
- Human-associated scarcity of hosts for tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) is related to an increase in prevalence of trypanosome infection in flies in north-eastern Zambia.Tropical animal health and production · 2021Article
- Cost-effectiveness modelling to optimise active screening strategy for gambiense human African trypanosomiasis in endemic areas of the Democratic Republic of Congo.BMC medicine · 2021Article
- Trypanosoma brucei colonizes the tsetse gut via an immature peritrophic matrix in the proventriculus.Nature microbiology · 2020Article
- Tsetse peritrophic matrix influences for trypanosome transmission.Journal of insect physiology · 2019Review
- Village-scale persistence and elimination of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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1 author.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Tsetse flies are the most important vectors of African trypanosomiasis but, surprisingly, are highly refractory to trypanosome parasite infection. In populations of wild caught flies, it is rare to find mature salivarian and mouthpart parasite infection rates exceeding 1 and 15%, respectively. This inherent refractoriness persists throughout the lifespan of the fly, although extreme starvation and suboptimal environmental conditions can cause a reversion to the susceptible phenotype. The teneral phenomenon is a phenotype unique to newly emerged, previously unfed tsetse, and is evidenced by a profound susceptibility to trypanosome infection. This susceptibility persists for only a few days post-emergence and decreases with fly age and bloodmeal acquisition. Researchers investigating trypanosome-tsetse interactions routinely exploit this phenomenon by using young, unfed (teneral) flies to naturally boost trypanosome establishment and maturation rates. A suite of factors may contribute, at least in part, to this unusual parasite permissive phenotype. These include the physical maturity of midgut barriers, the activation of immunoresponsive tissues and their effector molecules, and the role of the microflora within the midgut of the newly emerged fly. However, at present, the molecular mechanisms that underpin the teneral phenomenon still remain unknown. This review will provide a historical overview of the teneral phenomenon and will examine immune-related factors that influence, and may help us better understand, this unusual phenotype.
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