ArticlePloS one2013
Modeling long-term host cell-Giardia lamblia interactions in an in vitro co-culture system.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Future of Protozoan Infection Research: 3D Cell Culture and beyond.ACS infectious diseases · 2026Review
- Unraveling the Potential ofPharmaceutics · 2026Article
- The differential roles of Giardia duodenalis-secreted tenascins in inducing intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis and the attributed EGFR-STAT3 axis regulation.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Establishment of an in vitro co-infection model of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- Medicinal plants as a source of antiparasitics: an overview of experimental studies.Pathogens and global health · 2023Article
- Gastrointestinal Infection in South African Children under the Age of 5 years: A Mini Review.Gastroenterology research and practice · 2023Review
- ROS-AMPK/mTOR-dependent enterocyte autophagy is involved in the regulation ofFrontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Specific TLR-mediated HSP70 activation plays a potential role in host defense against the intestinal parasiteFrontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Review
- Flow cytometry-based study of model marine microalgal consortia revealed an ecological advantage of siderophore utilization by the dinoflagellateComputational and structural biotechnology journal · 2022Article
- Mucosal Defense AgainstFrontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- The Truman Show for protozoan parasites: A review of in vitro cultivation platforms.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Review
- A Complementary Herbal Product for Controlling Giardiasis.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Giardia lamblia Decreases NF-κB p65Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Recent advances in functional research in Giardia intestinalis.Advances in parasitology · 2020Review
- Long-Term Culture of Giardia lamblia in Cell Culture Medium Requires Intimate Association with Viable Mammalian Cells.Infection and immunity · 2019Article
- Recent insights into innate and adaptive immune responses to Giardia.Advances in parasitology · 2019Review
- Screening of the Pathogen Box for inhibitors with dual efficacy against Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2018Article
- Review
- Disruptions of Host Immunity and Inflammation by Giardia Duodenalis: Potential Consequences for Co-Infections in the Gastro-Intestinal Tract.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2015Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Globally, there are greater than 700,000 deaths per year associated with diarrheal disease. The flagellated intestinal parasite, Giardia lamblia, is one of the most common intestinal pathogens in both humans and animals throughout the world. While attached to the gastrointestinal epithelium, Giardia induces epithelial cell apoptosis, disrupts tight junctions, and increases intestinal permeability. The underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of giardiasis, including the role lamina propria immune cells, such as macrophages, play in parasite control or clearance are poorly understood. Thus far, one of the major obstacles in ascertaining the mechanisms of Giardia pathology is the lack of a functionally relevant model for the long-term study of the parasite in vitro. Here we report on the development of an in vitro co-culture model which maintains the basolateral-apical architecture of the small intestine and allows for long-term survival of the parasite. Using transwell inserts, Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells and IC-21 macrophages are co-cultured in the presence of Giardia trophozoites. Using the developed model, we show that Giardia trophozoites survive over 21 days and proliferate in a combination media of Caco-2 cell and Giardia medium. Giardia induces apoptosis of epithelial cells through caspase-3 activation and macrophages do not abrogate this response. Additionally, macrophages induce Caco-2 cells to secrete the pro-inflammatory cytokines, GRO and IL-8, a response abolished by Giardia indicating parasite induced suppression of the host immune response. The co-culture model provides additional complexity and information when compared to a single-cell model. This model will be a valuable tool for answering long-standing questions on host-parasite biology that may lead to discovery of new therapeutic interventions.
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