ReviewFrontiers in microbiology2013
Ticks and tick-borne pathogens at the cutaneous interface: host defenses, tick countermeasures, and a suitable environment for pathogen establishment.
Review in Frontiers in microbiology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 120 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
120 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A systematic review on malaria and dengue vaccines for the effective management of these mosquito borne diseases: Improving public health.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Pooled it
- Tick-borne pathogens in golden jackals (Canis aureus) from Armenia.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Tick Extracellular Vesicles Alter Epidermal Keratinocyte Function.The Journal of investigative dermatology · 2026Article
- Skin Deep: Uncovering the Early Events of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus at the Tick-Host-Virus Interface.Viruses · 2026Review
- Morphological, Ultrastructural, and Histopathological Characterization of NaturalVeterinary medicine international · 2026Article
- Tick lipocalin triggers mammalian IGFBP-3-mediated apoptosis in macrophages and keratinocytes.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- Coinfection affects the phenotypic but not genetic resistance of cattle to common parasites.Genetics, selection, evolution : GSE · 2025Article
- Innate Immune Response to Powassan Virus Infection: Progress Toward Infection Control.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Incidents of high tick load in injured cheetahs after reintroduction into a tropical ecosystem.The Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research · 2025Article
- Article
- Generation of Virus-Infected Ticks: Synchronous Infection and Feeding on Viremic Animals.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Tick saliva protein fraction inhibits breast cancer by decreasing cell viability and promoting apoptosis in vitro.PloS one · 2025Article
- Differential impact of spotted fever groupFrontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- GW4869 inhibitor affects vector competence and tick-borne flavivirus acquisition and transmission by blocking exosome secretion.iScience · 2024Article
- Changes in the Transcriptome and Long Non-Coding RNAs but Not the Methylome Occur in Human Cells Exposed toGenes · 2024Article
- Genetic factors underlying host resistance to Rhipicephalus microplus tick infestation in Braford cattle: a systems biology perspective.Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society · 2024Article
- An Ixodes persulcatus Inhibitor of Plasmin and Thrombin Hinders Keratinocyte Migration, Blood Coagulation, and Endothelial Permeability.The Journal of investigative dermatology · 2024Article
- The role of Rab27 in tick extracellular vesicle biogenesis and pathogen infection.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- Early transcriptomic changes at the skin interface during Powassan virus transmission byFrontiers in immunology · 2024Article
60 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Ticks are unique among hematophagous arthropods by continuous attachment to host skin and blood feeding for days; complexity and diversity of biologically active molecules differentially expressed in saliva of tick species; their ability to modulate the host defenses of pain and itch, hemostasis, inflammation, innate and adaptive immunity, and wound healing; and, the diverse array of infectious agents they transmit. All of these interactions occur at the cutaneous interface in a complex sequence of carefully choreographed host defense responses and tick countermeasures resulting in an environment that facilitates successful blood feeding and establishment of tick-borne infectious agents within the host. Here, we examine diverse patterns of tick attachment to host skin, blood feeding mechanisms, salivary gland transcriptomes, bioactive molecules in tick saliva, timing of pathogen transmission, and host responses to tick bite. Ticks engage and modulate cutaneous and systemic immune defenses involving keratinocytes, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, T cell subpopulations (Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg), B cells, neutrophils, mast cells, basophils, endothelial cells, cytokines, chemokines, complement, and extracellular matrix. A framework is proposed that integrates tick induced changes of skin immune effectors with their ability to respond to tick-borne pathogens. Implications of these changes are addressed. What are the consequences of tick modulation of host cutaneous defenses? Does diversity of salivary gland transcriptomes determine differential modulation of host inflammation and immune defenses and therefore, in part, the clades of pathogens effectively transmitted by different tick species? Do ticks create an immunologically modified cutaneous environment that enhances specific pathogen establishment? Can tick saliva molecules be used to develop vaccines that block pathogen transmission?
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