ReviewFrontiers in neurology2013
Role of Direct vs. Indirect Pathways from the Motor Cortex to Spinal Motoneurons in the Control of Hand Dexterity.
Review in Frontiers in neurology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- Upper Limb Outcome Measures Used in Stroke Rehabilitation Studies: A Systematic Literature Review.PloS one · 2016Pooled it
- Cybernic treatment with wearable cyborg Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL) improves ambulatory function in patients with slowly progressive rare neuromuscular diseases: a multicentre, randomised, controlled crossover trial for efficacy and safety (NCY-3001).Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2021Trial
- Spasticity and Abnormal Tone Regulation After Spinal Cord Injury: Mechanisms and the Effects of Neuromodulation.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Altered Functional Connectivity Between Cortical Premotor Areas and the Spinal Cord in Chronic Stroke.Stroke · 2025Article
- Compensatory adaptation of parallel motor pathways promotes skilled forelimb recovery after spinal cord injury.iScience · 2024Article
- Moving toward elucidating alternative motor pathway structures post-stroke: the value of spinal cord neuroimaging.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Review
- Association between activity in the ventral premotor cortex and spinal cord activation during force generation-A combined cortico-spinal fMRI study.Human brain mapping · 2023Article
- Gait improvement with wearable cyborg HAL trunk unit for parkinsonian patients: five case reports.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Utility of Diffusion and Magnetization Transfer MRI in Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy: A Pilot Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- A computational model based on corticospinal functional MRI revealed asymmetrically organized motor corticospinal networks in humans.Communications biology · 2022Article
- Motor cortical output for skilled forelimb movement is selectively distributed across projection neuron classes.Science advances · 2022Article
- Phylogenetic view of the compensatory mechanisms in motor and sensory systems after neuronal injury.Current research in neurobiology · 2022Review
- Corticospinal Motor Circuit Plasticity After Spinal Cord Injury: Harnessing Neuroplasticity to Improve Functional Outcomes.Molecular neurobiology · 2021Review
- Plasticity in Cervical Motor Circuits following Spinal Cord Injury and Rehabilitation.Biology · 2021Review
- Chronic Poststroke Deficits in Gross and Fine Motor Control of the Ipsilesional Upper Limb.American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation · 2021Article
- The Cortical Motor System in the Domestic Pig: Origin and Termination of the Corticospinal Tract and Cortico-Brainstem Projections.Frontiers in neuroanatomy · 2021Article
- Motor Organization in Schizencephaly: Outcomes of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Diffusion Tensor Imaging of Motor Tract Projections Correlate with the Different Domains of Hand Function.BioMed research international · 2021Article
- Rudimentary Dexterity Corresponds With Reduced Ability to Move in Synergy After Stroke: Evidence of Competition Between Corticoreticulospinal and Corticospinal Tracts?Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · 2020Article
- Contralesional motor cortex is causally engaged during more dexterous actions of the paretic hand after stroke-A Preliminary report.Neuroscience letters · 2020Article
- Spinal cord neural interfacing in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).Journal of neural engineering · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Evolutionally, development of the direct connection from the motor cortex to spinal motoneurons [corticomotoneuronal (CM) pathway] parallels the ability of hand dexterity. Damage to the corticofugal fibers in higher primates resulted in deficit of fractionated digit movements. Based on such observations, it was generally believed that the CM pathway plays a critical role in the control of hand dexterity. On the other hand, a number of "phylogenetically older" indirect pathways from the motor cortex to motoneurons still exist in primates. The indirect pathways are mediated by intercalated neurons such as segmental interneurons (sINs), propriospinal neurons (PNs) reticulospinal neurons (RSNs), or rubrospinal neurons (RuSNs). However, their contribution to hand dexterity remains elusive. Lesion of the brainstem pyramid sparing the transmission through the RuSNs and RSNs, resulted in permanent deficit of fractionated digit movements in macaque monkeys. On the other hand, in our recent study, after lesion of the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) at the C5 segment, which removed the lateral corticospinal tract (l-CST) including the CM pathway and the transmission through sINs and RuSNs but spared the processing through the PNs and RSNs, fractionated digit movements recovered within several weeks. These results suggest that the PNs can be involved in the recovery of fractionated digit movements, but the RSNs and RuSNs have less capacity in this regard. However, on closer inspection, it was found that the activation pattern of hand and arm muscles considerably changed after the C5 lesion, suggesting limitation of PNs for the compensation of hand dexterity. Altogether, it is suggested that PNs, RSNs RuSNs, and the CM pathway (plus sINs) make a different contribution to the hand dexterity and appearance of motor deficit of the hand dexterity caused by damage to the corticofugal fibers and potential of recovery varies depending on the rostrocaudal level of the lesion.
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