ArticleNeurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics2014
Tardive dyskinesia: therapeutic options for an increasingly common disorder.
Article in Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 113 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tardive Dyskinesia with Antipsychotic Medication in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review.Drug safety · 2024Pooled it
- Miscellaneous treatments for antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018Pooled it
- Cholinergic medication for antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018Pooled it
- Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018Pooled it
- Benzodiazepines for antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018Pooled it
- Non-antipsychotic catecholaminergic drugs for antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018Pooled it
- Anticholinergic medication for antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018Pooled it
- Vitamin E for antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018Pooled it
- Valbenazine Sprinkle: An Alternative Formulation of Valbenazine for Oral Administration in Patients With Dysphagia.Clinical and translational science · 2025Trial
- Efficacy and safety of valbenazine in Japanese patients with tardive dyskinesia: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (J-KINECT).Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2022Trial
- Randomized controlled trial of deutetrabenazine for tardive dyskinesia: The ARM-TD study.Neurology · 2017Trial
- A Case Report: Successful Management of Mixed Tardive Syndrome With Combination Pharmacotherapy in a 19-Year-Old Female With Schizophrenia.Clinical case reports · 2026Article
- Tardive Oropharyngeal Dyskinesia Associated With Antipsychotic Use in the Management of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia.Journal of medical cases · 2026Article
- Reversible aripiprazole-induced tardive dyskinesia: a case series from Saudi Arabia and literature review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Predictors of extrapyramidal side effects among patients taking antipsychotic medication at Mekelle psychiatry units, Northern Ethiopia, 2023: unmatched case-control study.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Article
- Impact of possible tardive dyskinesia on physical wellness and social functioning: results from the real-world RE-KINECT study.Journal of patient-reported outcomes · 2023Article
- Deep Brain Stimulation in the Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Effects of cannabidiol on vacuous chewing movements, plasma glucose and oxidative stress indices in rats administered high dose risperidone.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Differentiating tardive dyskinesia: a video-based review of antipsychotic-induced movement disorders in clinical practice.CNS spectrums · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a serious, often disabling, movement disorder that is caused by medications that block dopamine receptors (i.e., neuroleptics, anti-emetics). There is currently no standard treatment approach for physicians confronted with such patients. This may be the result of notions that TD is disappearing because of the switch to second-generation antipsychotic agents and that it is largely reversible. In this article we demonstrate that second-generation antipsychotics do, indeed, cause TD and, in fact, the frequency is likely higher than expected because of growing off-label uses and a tripling of prescriptions written in the last 10 years. In addition, studies demonstrate that TD actually remits in only a minority of patients when these drugs are withdrawn. Furthermore, neuroleptic agents are often utilized to treat TD, despite prolonged exposure being a risk factor for irreversibility. The outcome of these trends is a growing population afflicted with TD. We review non-neuroleptic agents that have shown positive results in small, early-phase, blinded trials, including tetrabenazine, amantadine, levetiracetam, piracetam, clonazepam, propranolol, vitamin B6, and Ginkgo biloba. Other options, such as botulinum toxin and deep brain stimulation, will also be discussed, and a suggested treatment algorithm is provided. While these agents are reasonable treatment options at this time there is a need, with a concerted effort between neurology and psychiatry, for full-scale drug development, including multicenter, randomized, blinded trials to confirm the effectiveness of the agents that were positive in phase 2 trials and the development of newer ones.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.