ArticleAmerican journal of respiratory and critical care medicine2014
Mucosal immune responses predict clinical outcomes during influenza infection independently of age and viral load.
Article in American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 130 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
130 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 177 citations in OpenAlex.
- Therapeutic Effects of Alkaloids on Influenza: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Studies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Searching for a Lifeline: Transcriptome Profiling Studies of Influenza Susceptibility and Resistance.Journal of innate immunity · 2017Pooled it
- Viruses as Sole Causative Agents of Severe Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Children.PloS one · 2016Trial
- Review
- Innate immune responsiveness predicts enhanced cellular immunity and symptomatic disease after controlled human influenza infection.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- Integrated drivers of basal and acute immunity in diverse human populations.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Role of IL-10 signaling in the circadian control of host response to influenza infection.Mucosal immunology · 2026Article
- Influenza virus infection drives upregulation of CD84 across a broad range of immune cells.Clinical & translational immunology · 2026Article
- Dynamic monitoring of a core pro-inflammatory cytokine panel improves mortality prediction in severe influenza.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- High expression of interleukin-18 receptor alpha correlates with severe respiratory viral disease and defines T cells with reduced cytotoxic signatures.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Multivariate Host-Pathogen Interactions Driving Heterogeneous Viral Shedding and CD8medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Limited nasal IFN production contributes to delayed respiratory virus clearance and suboptimal vaccine responses.JCI insight · 2025Article
- TLR7 deficiency enhances inflammation in the URT but reduces LRT immunity following influenza A infection.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- ZBP1-driven cell death in severe influenza.Trends in microbiology · 2025Review
- Deep insight into cytokine storm: from pathogenesis to treatment.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Age-associated differences in mucosal and systemic host responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Risk factors for re-hospitalization within 90 days of discharge for severe influenza in children.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- What goes up must come down: dynamics of type 1 interferon signaling across the lifespan.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Influenza A virus during pregnancy disrupts maternal intestinal immunity and fetal cortical development in a dose- and time-dependent manner.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
70 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
rationaleChildren are an at-risk population for developing complications following influenza infection, but immunologic correlates of disease severity are not understood. We hypothesized that innate cellular immune responses at the site of infection would correlate with disease outcome.
objectivesTo test the immunologic basis of severe illness during natural influenza virus infection of children and adults at the site of infection.
methodsAn observational cohort study with longitudinal sampling of peripheral and mucosal sites in 84 naturally influenza-infected individuals, including infants. Cellular responses, viral loads, and cytokines were quantified from nasal lavages and blood, and correlated to clinical severity. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN
resultsWe show for the first time that although viral loads in children and adults were similar, innate responses in the airways were stronger in children and varied considerably between plasma and site of infection. Adjusting for age and viral load, an innate immune profile characterized by increased nasal lavage monocyte chemotactic protein-3, IFN-α2, and plasma IL-10 levels at enrollment predicted progression to severe disease. Increased plasma IL-10, monocyte chemotactic protein-3, and IL-6 levels predicted hospitalization. This inflammatory cytokine production correlated significantly with monocyte localization from the blood to the site of infection, with conventional monocytes positively correlating with inflammation. Increased frequencies of CD14(lo) monocytes were in the airways of participants with lower inflammatory cytokine levels.
conclusionsAn innate profile was identified that correlated with disease progression independent of viral dynamics and age. The airways and blood displayed dramatically different immune profiles emphasizing the importance of cellular migration and localized immune phenotypes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.