ReviewFrontiers in immunology2013
Targeting toll-like receptors: promising therapeutic strategies for the management of sepsis-associated pathology and infectious diseases.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 143 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
143 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 259 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trained innate immunity.Immunologic research · 2021Pooled it
- Cinnamon and Derivatives as Modulators of Toll-like Receptors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Decoding Host-Pathogen Dynamics inAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Otilonium bromide ameliorates paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy by targeting phosphatase PPM1A.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Nanocarrier-Based Targeting of Pattern Recognition Receptors as an Innovative Strategy for Enhancing Sepsis Therapy.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Review
- Upregulation of TLR-MYD88 signaling, stem cell genes, and Klotho mediates sepsis-associated myocardial inflammation.Molecular biology reports · 2025Article
- Antibiotics re-booted-time to kick back against drug resistance.npj antimicrobials and resistance · 2025Review
- Exosomes and MicroRNAs: key modulators of macrophage polarization in sepsis pathophysiology.European journal of medical research · 2025Review
- The Novel Role of the Expression of Toll-like Receptors TLR-5, TLR-6, and TLR-9 and Associated Up-Regulation of Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor (PD-1) and Its Ligand (PD-L1) in Lung Sepsis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Infection-induced trained immunity: a twist in paradigm of innate host defense and generation of immunological memory.Infection and immunity · 2025Review
- Screening of novel therapeutic targets and chimeric vaccine construction against antibiotic-resistantFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Evaluation of Immunostimulatory Effects of Bacterial Lysate Proteins on THP-1 Macrophages: Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Response and Proteomic Profiling.Journal of immunology research · 2025Article
- Sesquiterpene lactones and cancer: new insight into antitumor and anti-inflammatory effects of parthenolide-derived Dimethylaminomicheliolide and Micheliolide.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Unraveling the Complexities of Toll-like Receptors: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Applications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Pharmacological potential of micheliolide: A focus on anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities.Heliyon · 2024Review
- Regulation of immune responses to infection through interaction between stem cell-derived exosomes and toll-like receptors mediated by microRNA cargoes.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
- Enhancing acute inflammatory and sepsis treatment: superiority of membrane receptor blockade.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Noninvasive diagnosis of secondary infections in COVID-19 by sequencing of plasma microbial cell-free DNA.iScience · 2023Article
- The macrophage polarization by miRNAs and its potential role in the treatment of tumor and inflammation (Review).Oncology reports · 2023Review
- An Update on Toll-like Receptor 2, Its Function and Dimerization in Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Processes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
83 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors playing a fundamental role in sensing microbial invasion and initiating innate and adaptive immune responses. TLRs are also triggered by danger signals released by injured or stressed cells during sepsis. Here we focus on studies developing TLR agonists and antagonists for the treatment of infectious diseases and sepsis. Positioned at the cell surface, TLR4 is essential for sensing lipopolysaccharide of Gram-negative bacteria, TLR2 is involved in the recognition of a large panel of microbial ligands, while TLR5 recognizes flagellin. Endosomal TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9 are specialized in the sensing of nucleic acids produced notably during viral infections. TLR4 and TLR2 are favorite targets for developing anti-sepsis drugs, and antagonistic compounds have shown efficient protection from septic shock in pre-clinical models. Results from clinical trials evaluating anti-TLR4 and anti-TLR2 approaches are presented, discussing the challenges of study design in sepsis and future exploitation of these agents in infectious diseases. We also report results from studies suggesting that the TLR5 agonist flagellin may protect from infections of the gastrointestinal tract and that agonists of endosomal TLRs are very promising for treating chronic viral infections. Altogether, TLR-targeted therapies have a strong potential for prevention and intervention in infectious diseases, notably sepsis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.