ArticlePediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology2013
Antibiotic exposure in the first two years of life and development of asthma and other allergic diseases by 7.5 yr: a dose-dependent relationship.
Article in Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03229863 (The Infant MiND Study), which is not on this map. Cited by 69 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Infant MiND Study: An Examination of Infants' Microbiome, Nutrition, and Development Study.
Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 120 citations in OpenAlex.
- The relationship of prenatal antibiotic exposure and infant antibiotic administration with childhood allergies: a systematic review.BMC pediatrics · 2020Pooled it
- 7-days versus 14-days antibiotic therapy in uncomplicated culture proven neonatal sepsis: a randomized control assessor-blinded trial.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Trial
- Sepsis and Antibiotics in Extremely Preterm Infants: Early Empirical Treatment Was Common, While Late-Onset Sepsis Accounted for Most Cases and Antibiotic Use.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2026Article
- Early Environments, Lasting Effects: Air Pollution, Microbes, and Respiratory Infection Risk in Children.Pediatric pulmonology · 2026Review
- Distinct early gut microbiota patterns by delivery mode within 100 hours of birth.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2026Article
- Early life factors and genetic interactions in allergic rhinitis: a genome-wide study.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Multidrug-resistantERJ open research · 2026Article
- Recurrent wheezing as a mediator between early-life exposures and childhood asthma: a mediation analysis in an Italian primary care paediatric cohort.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Use of Antibiotics and Severe Bacterial Infections Within the First 6 Months of Life-A Population-Based Cohort Study From East Denmark.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2025Article
- Evaluating the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Pediatric Asthma Incidence.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice · 2025Review
- Association between antibiotic exposure and childhood atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- Assessing Diagnostic Performance of Molecular Culture for Neonatal Sepsis: Protocol of the CHAMPIONS Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The Early Appearance of Asthma and Its Relationship with Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Neonatal Gut Mycobiome: Immunity, Diversity of Fungal Strains, and Individual and Non-Individual Factors.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Associations between Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and Antibiotic Use: Results from the UAEHFS.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The gut metagenome harbors metabolic and antibiotic resistance signatures of moderate-to-severe asthma.FEMS microbes · 2024Article
- Association between antibiotics and asthma risk among adults aged over 40 years: a nationally representative retrospective cohort study.BMJ open respiratory research · 2023Article
- The gut metagenome harbors metabolic and antibiotic resistance signatures of moderate-to-severe asthma.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Maternal Mycobiome, but Not Antibiotics, Alters Fungal Community Structure in Neonatal Piglets.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2022Article
- Delivery mode and risk of gastrointestinal disease in the offspring.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2022Article
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAntibiotic use in infancy disrupts gut microflora during a critical period for immune system development. It is hypothesized that this could predispose to the development of allergic diseases. We investigated the associations of antibiotic use in the first 2 yr of life with the development of asthma, eczema or hay fever by age 7.5 yr in a longitudinal birth cohort.
methodsSubjects were 4952 children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Child antibiotic use and asthma, eczema and hay fever symptoms were maternally reported. Atopy was assessed by skin prick tests at age 7.5 yr. The total number of antibiotic courses was considered as the main exposure. Data were analysed using multivariate logistic regression.
resultsChildren reported to have taken antibiotics during infancy (0-2 yr) were more likely to have asthma at 7.5 yr (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.40-2.17), and the odds (OR, [95% CI]) increased with greater numbers of courses: once 1.11 [0.84-1.48]; twice 1.50 [1.14-1.98]; three times 1.79 [1.34-2.40]; four times or more 2.82 [2.19-3.63]. Increased antibiotic use was also associated with higher odds of eczema and hay fever but not atopy. The effect appeared to be associated with cumulative rather than a critical period of exposure during the first 2 yr.
conclusionsA robust and dose-dependent association was found between antibiotic use in the first 2 yr of life and asthma at age 7.5 yr but did not appear to be mediated through an association with atopy.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.