ReviewMicrobiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR2013
Variations in virulence and molecular biology among emerging strains of Clostridium difficile.
Review in Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 99 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Addressing Which Pathogens Are More Suitable to Ensure Water Reuse Safety-A Proof-of-Concept.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Non-targeted metabolomics reveals metabolic signatures associated withFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- HumanbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Downregulation of the cysE/cysK genes of Clostridioides difficile induced by cysteine revealed the response of bacteria to iron homeostasis.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Clostridioides difficile evolution in a tertiary German hospital through a retrospective genomic characterization.Infection · 2025Article
- Clostridioides difficile meets the adenosine system: the art of manipulating host homeostasis.Journal of biomedical science · 2025Review
- Changing patterns and biological features of community-acquiredMicrobiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Elevated risk of adverse effects from foodborne contaminants and drugs in inflammatory bowel disease: a review.Archives of toxicology · 2024Review
- Review
- PhosphoLipidome Alteration Induced byCells · 2024Article
- Polyamines and hypusination are important forInfection and immunity · 2023Article
- Review
- CDBN-YGXZ, a Novel Small-Molecule Drug, Shows Efficacy against Clostridioides difficile Infection and Recurrence in Mouse and Hamster Infection Models.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2023Article
- Review
- Discovery of Hippo signaling as a regulator of CSPG4 expression and as a therapeutic target for Clostridioides difficile disease.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Cytotoxic synergism ofWorld journal of gastroenterology · 2023Review
- Inflammatory bowel disease andTherapeutic advances in gastroenterology · 2023Review
- Challenges and opportunities of strain diversity in gut microbiome research.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Review
- Identification of TFPI as a receptor reveals recombination-driven receptor switching in Clostridioides difficile toxin B variants.Nature communications · 2022Article
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is a Gram-positive, spore-forming organism which infects and colonizes the large intestine, produces potent toxins, triggers inflammation, and causes significant systemic complications. Treating C. difficile infection (CDI) has always been difficult, because the disease is both caused and resolved by antibiotic treatment. For three and a half decades, C. difficile has presented a treatment challenge to clinicians, and the situation took a turn for the worse about 10 years ago. An increase in epidemic outbreaks related to CDI was first noticed around 2003, and these outbreaks correlated with a sudden increase in the mortality rate of this illness. Further studies discovered that these changes in CDI epidemiology were associated with the rapid emergence of hypervirulent strains of C. difficile, now collectively referred to as NAP1/BI/027 strains. The discovery of new epidemic strains of C. difficile has provided a unique opportunity for retrospective and prospective studies that have sought to understand how these strains have essentially replaced more historical strains as a major cause of CDI. Moreover, detailed studies on the pathogenesis of NAP1/BI/027 strains are leading to new hypotheses on how this emerging strain causes severe disease and is more commonly associated with epidemics. In this review, we provide an overview of CDI, discuss critical mechanisms of C. difficile virulence, and explain how differences in virulence-associated factors between historical and newly emerging strains might explain the hypervirulence exhibited by this pathogen during the past decade.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.