ReviewMicrobiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR2013
Mx proteins: antiviral gatekeepers that restrain the uninvited.
Review in Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 184 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
184 citing papers in PubMed, 316 citations in OpenAlex.
- GTPase domain of porcine Mx1 protein interacts with the N protein of porcine deltacoronavirus to inhibit viral replication.The Journal of general virology · 2026Article
- The antiviral GTPase MxB is packaged into virions and binds via its N-terminal domain to alphaherpesvirus capsids.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Allopatric coevolution: Migratory predators may facilitate mimicry between geographically nonoverlapping species.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Host-Directed Antiviral Strategies Against Influenza Viruses: Host Targets, Multi-Omics Approaches and AI-Assisted Discovery.Veterinary sciences · 2026Review
- Progression of nipah virus infection in the African green monkey: Role of macrophages and dendritic cells in early virus spread.iScience · 2026Article
- Differential Sensitivity of HSV-1 and PRV to IFN-λ Reveals a Neuron-Specific Antiviral Role for RSAD2.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Article
- The ISG Atlas: a loss-of-function analysis characterizes antiviral properties of interferon stimulated genes.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Effects ofTropical medicine and infectious disease · 2026Article
- Occludin modulates HIV and ischaemic stroke response via the mitochondrial antiviral signalling pathway.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Binding of Bacillus subtilis dynamin-like protein DynA to the bacterial membrane is essential for effective phage defense.The FEBS journal · 2026Article
- Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 promotes the expression of interferon-stimulated antiviral genes in human A549 lung epithelial cells.Molecular pharmacology · 2026Article
- Host restriction factor SAMHD1 does not restrict seasonal influenza virus replication in human epithelial or macrophage-like cells.Virology journal · 2026Article
- The cGAS-STING pathway in fibroblast microenvironment: from molecular mechanisms to targeted therapies.Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 2026Review
- IFN-λ4 Exhibits Differential Induction and Antiviral Activity in RSV and HMPV Infections.Viruses · 2026Article
- Preparation and epitope identification of duck myxovirus resistance protein monoclonal antibody 4B6 and its expression in duck embryonic tissue.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Article
- The C1QTNF6-MX2 Antiviral Axis Inhibits Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Replication in Porcine Macrophages.Veterinary sciences · 2025Article
- Review
- Genetic strategies for avian influenza resilience in poultry: from host-pathogen interaction studies to precision breeding.Functional & integrative genomics · 2025Review
124 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Fifty years after the discovery of the mouse Mx1 gene, researchers are still trying to understand the molecular details of the antiviral mechanisms mediated by Mx proteins. Mx proteins are evolutionarily conserved dynamin-like large GTPases, and GTPase activity is required for their antiviral activity. The expression of Mx genes is controlled by type I and type III interferons. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that Mx genes are present in almost all vertebrates, usually in one to three copies. Mx proteins are best known for inhibiting negative-stranded RNA viruses, but they also inhibit other virus families. Recent structural analyses provide hints about the antiviral mechanisms of Mx proteins, but it is not known how they can suppress such a wide variety of viruses lacking an obvious common molecular pattern. Perhaps they interact with a (partially) symmetrical invading oligomeric structure, such as a viral ribonucleoprotein complex. Such an interaction may be of a fairly low affinity, in line with the broad target specificity of Mx proteins, yet it would be strong enough to instigate Mx oligomerization and ring assembly. Such a model is compatible with the broad "substrate" specificity of Mx proteins: depending on the size of the invading viral ribonucleoprotein complexes that need to be wrapped, the assembly process would consume the necessary amount of Mx precursor molecules. These Mx ring structures might then act as energy-consuming wrenches to disassemble the viral target structure.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.