ArticleBMJ open2013
Fear of childbirth predicts postpartum depression: a population-based analysis of 511 422 singleton births in Finland.
Article in BMJ open, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06257186 (Investigating the Effect of Art Therapy on Women With Fear of Childbirth During Pregnancy), which is not on this map. Cited by 52 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Investigating the Effect of Art Therapy on Women With Fear of Childbirth During Pregnancy: A Mixed Method Study
Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 141 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unravelling the biological nexus of smoking and postpartum depression: a meta-analysis and functional genomics approach.Archives of women's mental health · 2026Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of association between caesarean section and postpartum depression risk.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- The effect of an elective cesarean section on maternal request on peripartum anxiety and depression in women with childbirth fear: a systematic review.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2017Pooled it
- Associations between maternal birth complications and postpartum depressive symptoms: A systematic narrative review and meta-analysis.Women's health (London, England)Pooled it
- Virtual reality treatment could reduce anxiety for women undergoing cesarean section with spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2024Trial
- The effect of virtual reality on anxiety, stress, and hemodynamic parameters during cesarean section: A randomized controlled clinical trial.Saudi medical journal · 2022Trial
- A cost effectiveness analysis of midwife psycho-education for fearful pregnant women - a health system perspective for the antenatal period.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2017Trial
- Effects of a midwife psycho-education intervention to reduce childbirth fear on women's birth outcomes and postpartum psychological wellbeing.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2015Trial
- Violence during pregnancy amplifies fear of childbirth: A nationwide cohort study in Finland.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026Article
- Article
- Disrespectful Maternity Care and Postpartum Depression at 2 Months: A Population-Based Study.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2026Article
- Smartphone App-Based Exercise for Pregnant Women in Indonesia: Quasi-Experimental Study on Physical Activity, Fear of Childbirth, and Quality of Life.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2025Article
- The association between gestational diabetes and fear of childbirth: a longitudinal register study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2024Article
- Fear of Childbirth Impairs Breastfeeding Success Independent of Mode of Birth.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2024Article
- Antibiotic or gastric acid inhibitor use during pregnancy and postpartum depression: Population-based cohort study.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2024Article
- Fear of childbirth after induced abortion in primiparous women: Population-based register study from Finland.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2024Article
- Article
- Antenatal Fear of Childbirth as a Risk Factor for a Bad Childbirth Experience.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The relationship between fatigue, sleep quality, resilience, and the risk of postpartum depression: an emphasis on maternal mental health.BMC psychology · 2023Article
- Transition to Motherhood: A Study on the Association between Somatic Symptoms during Pregnancy and Post-Partum Anxiety and Depression Symptoms.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo study how reproductive risks and perinatal outcomes are associated with postpartum depression treated in specialised healthcare defined according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 codes, separately among women with and without a history of depression.
designA retrospective population-based case-control study.
settingData gathered from three national health registers for the years 2002-2010.
participantsAll singleton births (n=511 422) in Finland. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of postpartum depression and the risk factors associated with it.
resultsIn total, 0.3% (1438 of 511 422) of women experienced postpartum depression, the prevalence being 0.1% (431 of 511 422) in women without and 5.3% (1007 of 18 888) in women with a history of depression. After adjustment for possible covariates, a history of depression was found to be the strongest risk factor for postpartum depression. Other strong predisposing factors for postpartum depression were fear of childbirth, caesarean birth, nulliparity and major congenital anomaly. Specifically, among the 30% of women with postpartum depression but without a history of depression, postpartum depression was shown to be associated with fear of childbirth (adjusted OR (aOR 2.71, 95% CI 1.98 to 3.71), caesarean birth (aOR 1.38, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.77), preterm birth (aOR 1.65, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.56) and major congenital anomaly (aOR 1.67, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.42), compared with women with no postpartum depression and no history of depression.
conclusionsA history of depression was found to be the most important predisposing factor of postpartum depression. Women without previous episodes of depression were at an increased risk of postpartum depression if adverse events occurred during the course of pregnancy, especially if they showed physician-diagnosed fear of childbirth.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.