ArticleNature nanotechnology2013
Nanoparticle-detained toxins for safe and effective vaccination.
Article in Nature nanotechnology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 163 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
163 citing papers in PubMed, 336 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nanomedicine beyond carriers - devices, cells & living therapeutics.Biomedical microdevices · 2026Review
- From a membrane-lytic toxin to a programmable therapeutic module: exposure control and detoxified delivery strategies for translating melittin into antitumor therapy.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Advances of Cell Membrane-Coated Nanotechnology and Membrane Vesicles in Intestinal Targeted Drug Delivery Systems.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Bacterial pore-forming toxins: mechanisms and implications for host immunity.Bioscience reports · 2026Review
- Nanomedicine applications for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Nanomedicine for Oral Delivery: Strategies to Overcome the Biological Barriers.Small methods · 2026Review
- Quantum machine learning-based electrokinetic mining for the identification of nanoparticles and exosomes with minimal training data.Bioactive materials · 2025Article
- The efficacy of egg albumin nanoparticles adjuvanted Clostridium perfringens type D toxoid vaccine in rabbits.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2025Article
- Next-generation vaccines against bacterial pathogens: mRNA and beyond.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Natural, Engineered, and Hybrid Platelet Membrane-Based Nanotherapeutics for Inflammatory Diseases.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Review
- Combined ε-Toxin Nanovaccine with Enhanced Immunity for Effective Protection in a Murine Model.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Article
- Methicillin-resistantCurrent pharmaceutical biotechnology · 2025Review
- Bacteria-activated macrophage membrane coated ROS-responsive nanoparticle for targeted delivery of antibiotics to infected wounds.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2024Article
- Biomimetic Electrodynamic Metal-Organic Framework Nanosponges for Augmented Treatment of Biofilm Infections.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Nanorepair medicine for treatment of organ injury.National science review · 2024Review
- A genetically engineered neuronal membrane-based nanotoxoid elicits protective immunity against neurotoxins.Bioactive materials · 2024Article
- Advancements in precision nanomedicine design targeting the anoikis-platelet interface of circulating tumor cells.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2024Review
- Story of Pore-Forming Proteins from Deadly Disease-Causing Agents to Modern Applications with Evolutionary Significance.Molecular biotechnology · 2024Review
- Nanoformulations in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications: Green Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- The Molecular Architecture and Mode of Action ofToxins · 2024Review
103 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Toxoid vaccines--vaccines based on inactivated bacterial toxins--are routinely used to promote antitoxin immunity for the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections. Following chemical or heat denaturation, inactivated toxins can be administered to mount toxin-specific immune responses. However, retaining faithful antigenic presentation while removing toxin virulence remains a major challenge and presents a trade-off between efficacy and safety in toxoid development. Here, we show a nanoparticle-based toxin-detainment strategy that safely delivers non-disrupted pore-forming toxins for immune processing. Using erythrocyte membrane-coated nanoparticles and staphylococcal α-haemolysin, we demonstrate effective virulence neutralization via spontaneous particle entrapment. Compared with vaccination with heat-denatured toxin, mice vaccinated with the nanoparticle-detained toxin showed superior protective immunity against toxin-mediated adverse effects. We find that the non-disruptive detoxification approach benefited the immunogenicity and efficacy of toxoid vaccines. We anticipate that this study will open new possibilities in the preparation of antitoxin vaccines against the many virulence factors that threaten public health.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.