ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2014
Analyzing risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Effect of Prenatal Treatments on Offspring Events in the Presence of Competing Events: An Application to a Randomized Trial of Fertility Therapies.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2020Trial
- Healthy Live Births as Censoring Versus Competing Events in Studies of Prenatal Medication Use.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2026Article
- Article
- Maternal Prepregnancy Obesity and Offspring Intelligence Quotient at 5 Years: A Multicohort Analysis.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Invited Commentary: Aligning Methodological Research on Pregnancy Weight Gain With the Questions That Matter Most for Public Health Guidelines.American journal of epidemiology · 2023Article
- Associations between pregnancy glucose measurements and risk of preterm birth: a retrospective cohort study of commercially insured women in the United States from 2003 to 2021.Annals of epidemiology · 2023Article
- Changes in preterm birth and stillbirth during COVID-19 lockdowns in 26 countries.Nature human behaviour · 2023Article
- Perinatal mortality and neonatal and maternal outcome per gestational week in term pregnancies: A registry-based study.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2023Article
- Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and offspring hyperactivity-inattention symptoms at 5 years in preterm and term children: a multi-cohort analysis.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Stillbirth as left truncation for early neonatal death in California, 1989-2015: a time-series study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2021Article
- Conflict violence reduction and pregnancy outcomes: A regression discontinuity design in Colombia.PLoS medicine · 2021Article
- Epidemiological Studies on Fetal Loss - Better Data and Research Methods are Needed.Clinical epidemiology · 2020Article
- Risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes and seroprevalence for brucellosis in pregnant women exposed to goats or raw goat products in southern Thailand: a prospective cohort study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2019Article
- Towards a unified perinatal theory: Reconciling the births-based and fetus-at-risk models of perinatal mortality.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2019Article
- The curse of the perinatal epidemiologist: inferring causation amidst selection.Current epidemiology reports · 2018Article
- Association of Race/Ethnicity With Very Preterm Neonatal Morbidities.JAMA pediatrics · 2018Article
- Two denominators for one numerator: the example of neonatal mortality.European journal of epidemiology · 2018Article
- A Population-based Prospective Study to Identify Contributors to Mother and Child Health in Suburban Communities: The Cohort Profile.Iranian journal of public health · 2018Article
- Increased Neonatal Respiratory Morbidity Associated with Gestational and Pregestational Diabetes: A Retrospective Study.American journal of perinatology · 2017Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Approaches for analyzing the risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes have been the source of much debate and many publications. Much of the problem, in our view, is the conflation of time at risk with gestational age at birth (or birth weight, a proxy for gestational age). We consider the causal questions underlying such analyses with the help of a generic directed acyclic graph. We discuss competing risks and populations at risk in the context of appropriate numerators and denominators, respectively. We summarize 3 different approaches to quantifying risks with respect to gestational age, each of which addresses a distinct etiological or prognostic question (i.e., cumulative risk, prospective risk, or instantaneous risk (hazard)) and suggest the appropriate denominators for each. We show how the gestational age-specific risk of perinatal death (PND) can be decomposed as the product of the gestational age-specific risk of birth and the risk of PND conditional on birth at a given gestational age. Finally, we demonstrate how failure to consider the first of these 2 risks leads to selection bias. This selection bias creates the well-known crossover paradox, thus obviating the need to posit common causes of early birth and PND other than the study exposure.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.