ReviewViruses2013
Differential virulence and pathogenesis of West Nile viruses.
Review in Viruses, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Patterns and characteristics of cranial nerve neuropathy in West Nile virus infection: a systematic review of cases reported globally.BMJ open · 2025Pooled it
- A global database of West Nile virus host prevalence and competence.Scientific data · 2026Article
- West Nile Virus: Epidemiology, Surveillance, and Prophylaxis with a Comparative Insight from Italy and Iran.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Zika Virus Neuropathogenesis-Research and Understanding.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Pathological features of West Nile and Usutu virus natural infections in wild and domestic animals and in humans: A comparative review.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2023Article
- Comparison of West Nile Virus Disease in Humans and Horses: Exploiting Similarities for Enhancing Syndromic Surveillance.Viruses · 2023Review
- Different viral genes modulate virulence in model mammal hosts andFrontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Isolation of Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Neutrophils for Infection Modeling.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2023Article
- West Nile Virus in Common Wild Avian Species in Israel.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- West Nile Virus Lineage 1 in Italy: Newly Introduced or a Re-Occurrence of a Previously Circulating Strain?Viruses · 2021Article
- Development of peptides targeting receptor binding site of the envelope glycoprotein to contain the West Nile virus infection.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Influence of Biological Model on the Formation of the Pathogenic Properties of the West Nile Virus Isolate.Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine · 2021Article
- West Nile Virus Seroprevalence in an Outdoor Nonhuman Primate Breeding Colony in South Florida.Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2021Article
- Recovery and Genetic Characterization of a West Nile Virus Isolate from China.Virologica Sinica · 2021Article
- Molecular Determinants of West Nile Virus Virulence and Pathogenesis in Vertebrate and Invertebrate Hosts.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Molecular characterization of the re-emerging West Nile virus in avian species and equids in Israel, 2018, and pathological description of the disease.Parasites & vectors · 2020Article
- Article
- Long-term, West Nile virus-induced neurological changes: A comparison of patients and rodent models.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2020Review
- Arboviruses in the East African Community partner states: a review of medically important mosquito-borne Arboviruses.Pathogens and global health · 2019Review
- Z-DNA-Binding Protein 1 Is Critical for Controlling Virus Replication and Survival in West Nile Virus Encephalitis.Frontiers in microbiology · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a neurotropic flavivirus that cycles between mosquitoes and birds but that can also infect humans, horses, and other vertebrate animals. In most humans, WNV infection remains subclinical. However, 20%-40% of those infected may develop WNV disease, with symptoms ranging from fever to meningoencephalitis. A large variety of WNV strains have been described worldwide. Based on their genetic differences, they have been classified into eight lineages; the pathogenic strains belong to lineages 1 and 2. Ten years ago, Beasley et al. (2002) found that dramatic differences exist in the virulence and neuroinvasion properties of lineage 1 and lineage 2 WNV strains. Further insights on how WNV interacts with its hosts have recently been gained; the virus acts either at the periphery or on the central nervous system (CNS), and these observed differences could help explain the differential virulence and neurovirulence of WNV strains. This review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge on factors that trigger WNV dissemination and CNS invasion as well as on the inflammatory response and CNS damage induced by WNV. Moreover, we will discuss how WNV strains differentially interact with the innate immune system and CNS cells, thus influencing WNV pathogenesis.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.