ArticleMolecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.)2014
Both estrogen receptor α and β stimulate pituitary GH gene expression.
Article in Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Aromatized Estrogens Amplify Nocturnal Growth Hormone Secretion in Testosterone-Replaced Older Hypogonadal Men.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2018Trial
- Growth Hormone Signaling in Bladder Cancer: Transcriptomic Profiling of Patient Samples and In Vitro Evidence of Therapy Resistance via ABC Transporters and EMT Activation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- GHRH and reproductive systems: Mechanisms, functions, and clinical implications.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2025Review
- Update on regulation of GHRH and its actions on GH secretion in health and disease.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2025Review
- Liver-specific actions of GH and IGF1 that protect against MASLD.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2025 · on this mapReview
- Sexual dimorphism in the effects of maternal adipose tissue growth hormone receptor deficiency on offspring metabolic health.Biology of sex differences · 2024Article
- Role of Estrogen and Estrogen Receptor in GH-Secreting Adenomas.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Effects of Growth Hormone on Adult Human Gonads: Action on Reproduction and Sexual Function.International journal of endocrinology · 2023Review
- Oral Contraceptive and Menopausal Hormone Therapy Use and Risk of Pituitary Adenoma: Cohort and Case-Control Analyses.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2022Article
- DHEA Protects Human Cholangiocytes and Hepatocytes against Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress.Cells · 2022Article
- Metabolomic and Transcript Analysis Revealed a Sex-Specific Effect of Glyphosate in Zebrafish Liver.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Organizational Effects of Estrogens and Androgens on Estrogen and Androgen Receptor Expression in Pituitary and Adrenal Glands in Adult Male and Female Rats.Frontiers in neuroanatomy · 2022Article
- 17α-Estradiol Modulates IGF1 and Hepatic Gene Expression in a Sex-Specific Manner.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2021Article
- ERα Signaling in GHRH/Kiss1 Dual-Phenotype Neurons Plays Sex-Specific Roles in Growth and Puberty.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2020Article
- Growth and Bone Mineral Density Changes in Ovariectomized Rats Treated with Estrogen Receptor Alpha or Beta Agonists.Journal of Korean medical science · 2020Article
- Review
- Pituitary Hyperplasia, Hormonal Changes and Prolactinoma Development in Males Exposed to Estrogens-An Insight From Translational Studies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Estrogen receptor α promotes Cav1.2 ubiquitination and degradation in neuronal cells and in APP/PS1 mice.Aging cell · 2019Article
- Neuroendocrine Whiplash: Slamming the Breaks on Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids Following Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats May Worsen Outcomes.Frontiers in neurology · 2019Article
- Establishment of a protocol to extend the lifespan of human hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma cells.Endocrine · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Although sex steroids have been implicated in the control of mammalian growth, their direct effect on GH synthesis is less clear. The aim of this study was to establish whether estradiol (E2) directly affects GH synthesis in somatotrophs. Somatotroph GH3 and MtT/S cells were used as in vitro models. At physiological doses of E2 stimulation, GH mRNA levels were increased and the ER antagonist ICI 182,780 completely abolished this effect. Estrogen receptor (ER) α- and ERβ-selective agonists, propylpyrazole triol (PPT), and 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionitrile (DPN), respectively, augmented GH mRNA expression and secretion, whereas E2 and PPT, but not DPN increased prolactin (PRL) mRNA levels. E2, PPT, and DPN stimulated expression of the pituitary transcription factor Pou1f1 and increased its binding to the GH promoter. In vivo evidence of E2 effects on GH synthesis was obtained from the generation of the somatotroph-specific ERα knockout (sERα-KO) mouse model. Basal pituitary GH, PRL, POU1F1, and ERα mRNA expression levels were lower in sERα-KO mice compared with those in controls; whereas ERβ mRNA levels remained unchanged. E2 and DPN stimulated pituitary GH mRNA expression and serum GH levels in control and sERα-KO ovariectomized mice; however, serum GH levels were unchanged in PPT-treated ovariectomized sERα-KO mice. In these animal models, PRL mRNA levels increased after either E2 or PPT, but an increase was not seen after DPN treatment. Thus, we propose a mechanism by which estrogen directly regulates somatotroph GH synthesis at a pretranslational level. In contrast to the predominant effect of ERα in the lactotroph, these results support a role for both ERα and ERβ in the transcriptional control of Gh in the somatotroph and illustrate important differences in ER isoform specificity in the anterior pituitary gland.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.