ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2013
Cytokine Spatzle binds to the Drosophila immunoreceptor Toll with a neurotrophin-like specificity and couples receptor activation.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Transcriptomic analysis reveals members and expression characteristics of innate immunity genes in Chinese scorpion Mesobuthus martensii.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Temporal Dynamics of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Phosphorylation and Associated Signaling Genes During Embryonic Development in Bombyx mori.Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology · 2026Article
- Toll signaling controls stem cell proliferation in intestinal regeneration and tumorigenesis.EMBO reports · 2026Article
- Dual Disruption of the Immune Cytokine Spätzle Facilitates Fungal Infection of Diverse Insect Hosts.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Fruit flies exploit behavioral fever as a defense strategy against parasitic insects.Science advances · 2025Article
- A neurotrophin functioning with a Toll regulates structural plasticity in a dopaminergic circuit.eLife · 2024Article
- Cephalic ganglia transcriptomics of the American cockroach Periplaneta americana (Blattodea: Blattidae).Journal of insect science (Online) · 2024Article
- Article
- Immunological Roles ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Structure and dynamics of Toll immunoreceptor activation in the mosquito Aedes aegypti.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Review
- Genome-wide phenotypic RNAi screen in the Drosophila wing: global parameters.G3 (Bethesda, Md.) · 2021Article
- Evolution of Toll, Spatzle and MyD88 in insects: the problem of the Diptera bias.BMC genomics · 2021Article
- Astroglial Calcium Signaling Encodes Sleep Need in Drosophila.Current biology : CB · 2021Article
- Spz/Toll-6 signal guides organotropic metastasis inDisease models & mechanisms · 2019Article
- TmToll-7 Plays a Crucial Role in Innate Immune Responses Against Gram-Negative Bacteria by Regulating 5 AMP Genes inFrontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- Kek-6: A truncated-Trk-like receptor for Drosophila neurotrophin 2 regulates structural synaptic plasticity.PLoS genetics · 2017Article
- Three-tier regulation of cell number plasticity by neurotrophins and Tolls inThe Journal of cell biology · 2017Article
- Assembly of Neuronal Connectivity by Neurotrophic Factors and Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteins.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2016Review
- Assembly and localization of Toll-like receptor signalling complexes.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2014Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Drosophila Toll functions in embryonic development and innate immunity and is activated by an endogenous ligand, Spätzle (Spz). The related Toll-like receptors in vertebrates also function in immunity but are activated directly by pathogen-associated molecules such as bacterial endotoxin. Here, we present the crystal structure at 2.35-Å resolution of dimeric Spz bound to a Toll ectodomain encompassing the first 13 leucine-rich repeats. The cystine knot of Spz binds the concave face of the Toll leucine-rich repeat solenoid in an area delineated by N-linked glycans and induces a conformational change. Mutagenesis studies confirm that the interface observed in the crystal structure is relevant for signaling. The asymmetric binding mode of Spz to Toll is similar to that of nerve growth factor (NGF) in complex with the p75 neurotrophin receptor but is distinct from that of microbial ligands bound to the Toll-like receptors. Overall, this study indicates an allosteric signaling mechanism for Toll in which ligand binding to the N terminus induces a conformational change that couples to homodimerization of juxtamembrane structures in the Toll ectodomain C terminus.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.