ArticleCNS neuroscience & therapeutics2014
Activation of muscarinic receptors protects against retinal neurons damage and optic nerve degeneration in vitro and in vivo models.
Article in CNS neuroscience & therapeutics, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Amine-responsive Rhodopsin-like GPCRs in ocular pathology: mechanistic associations, candidate biomarkers, and therapeutic potential.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Review
- The Activation of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors Protects against Neuroinflammation in a Mouse Model through Attenuating Microglial Inflammation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Adrenoceptors in the Eye - Physiological and Pathophysiological Relevance.Handbook of experimental pharmacology · 2024Review
- Immunomodulatory and Antioxidant Drugs in Glaucoma Treatment.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Oxidative Stress: A Suitable Therapeutic Target for Optic Nerve Diseases?Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Retina-Therapeutic Implications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Huperzine A lowers intraocular pressure via the M3 mAChR and provides retinal neuroprotection via the M1 mAChR: a promising agent for the treatment of glaucoma.Annals of translational medicine · 2021Article
- M1 muscarinic receptor is a key target of neuroprotection, neuroregeneration and memory recovery by i-Extract from Withania somnifera.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Cholinergic nervous system and glaucoma: From basic science to clinical applications.Progress in retinal and eye research · 2019Review
- The MScientific reports · 2019Article
- Involvement of HDAC6 in ischaemia and reperfusion-induced rat retinal injury.BMC ophthalmology · 2018Article
- Pin1 Promotes Regulated Necrosis Induced by Glutamate in Rat Retinal Neurons via CAST/Calpain2 Pathway.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2017Article
- AChE Inhibition-based Multi-target-directed Ligands, a Novel Pharmacological Approach for the Symptomatic and Disease-modifying Therapy of Alzheimer's Disease.Current neuropharmacology · 2016Review
- Activation of α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Decreases On-site Mortality in Crush Syndrome through Insulin Signaling-Na/K-ATPase Pathway.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2016Article
- IL-4 Induces Cholinergic Differentiation of Retinal Cells In Vitro.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2015Article
- Effect of the M1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor on Retinal Neuron Number Studied with Gene-Targeted Mice.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2015Article
- Pharmacotherapy of glaucoma.Journal of ocular pharmacology and therapeutics : the official journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics · 2015Review
- Primary retinal cultures as a tool for modeling diabetic retinopathy: an overview.BioMed research international · 2015Review
- One Year of Glaucoma Research in Review-2013 to 2014.Asia-Pacific journal of ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa.)Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimsMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist pilocarpine reduces intraocular pressure (IOP) of glaucoma mainly by stimulating ciliary muscle contraction and then increasing aqueous outflow. It is of our great interest to know whether pilocarpine has the additional properties of retinal neuroprotection independent of IOP lowering in vitro and in vivo models.
methodsIn rat primary retinal cultures, cell viability was measured using an MTT assay and the trypan blue exclusion method, respectively. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were identified by immunofluorescence and quantified by flow cytometry. For the in vivo study, the retinal damage after retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats was evaluated by histopathological study using hematoxylin and eosin staining, transmission electron microscopy, and immunohistochemical study on cleaved caspase-3, caspase-3, and ChAT.
resultsPretreatment of pilocarpine attenuated glutamate-induced neurotoxicity of primary retinal neurons in a dose-dependent manner. Protection of pilocarpine in both retinal neurons and RGCs was largely abolished by the nonselective muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine and the M1-selective muscarinic receptor antagonist pirenzepine. After ischemia/reperfusion injury in retina, the inner retinal degeneration occurred including ganglion cell layer thinning and neuron lost, and the optic nerve underwent vacuolar changes. These degenerative changes were significantly lessened by topical application of 2% pilocarpine. In addition, the protective effect of pilocarpine on the ischemic rat retina was favorably reflected by downregulating the expression of activated apoptosis marker cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-3 and upregulating the expression of cholinergic cell marker ChAT.
conclusionsTaken together, this highlights pilocarpine through the activation of muscarinic receptors appear to afford significant protection against retinal neurons damage and optic nerve degeneration at clinically relevant concentrations. These data also further support muscarinic receptors as potential therapeutic neuroprotective targets in glaucoma.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.