ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2013
Genome-wide mutagenesis of influenza virus reveals unique plasticity of the hemagglutinin and NS1 proteins.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 144 papers.
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Who cites it
144 citing papers in PubMed.
- A chimeric hemagglutinin-based universal influenza virus vaccine approach induces broad and long-lasting immunity in a randomized, placebo-controlled phase I trial.Nature medicine · 2021Trial
- Immunogenicity of chimeric haemagglutinin-based, universal influenza virus vaccine candidates: interim results of a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 1 clinical trial.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2020Trial
- Article
- Concepts of RNA virus evolution for the design of better antiviral countermeasures.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Influenza hemagglutinin subtypes have different sequence constraints despite sharing extremely similar structures.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Improved cross-protection and immunity against influenza A virus in mice using a novel mRNA vaccine with optimized design of RNA sequence.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Article
- Update on the Efficacy of Vaccination on Host Immunity to Influenza Virus Infection.International archives of allergy and immunology · 2026Review
- Influenza hemagglutinin subtypes have different sequence constraints despite sharing extremely similar structures.Virus evolution · 2026Article
- Influenza A hemagglutinin virus-like particles confer protection against influenza B virus infection.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Matrix protein 1 (M1) of influenza A virus: structural and functional insights.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Review
- Inverted H1 hemagglutinin nanoparticle vaccines protect mice against challenges with human H1N1 and bovine H5N1 influenza viruses.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Analysis of Epidemiological and Evolutionary Characteristics of Seasonal Influenza Viruses in Shenzhen City from 2018 to 2024.Viruses · 2025Article
- Epitope-optimized vaccine elicits enduring immunity against swine influenza A virus.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Drug-Fc conjugate CD388 targets influenza virus neuraminidase and is broadly protective in mice.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Adjuvant-free, self-assembling ferritin nanoparticle vaccine coupled with influenza virus hemagglutinin protein carrying M1 and PADRE epitopes elicits cross-protective immune responses.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Waning immunity drives respiratory virus evolution and reinfection.Evolution, medicine, and public health · 2025Article
- Deep mutational scanning of H5 hemagglutinin to inform influenza virus surveillance.PLoS biology · 2024Article
- Headless hemagglutinin-containing influenza viral particles direct immune responses toward more conserved epitopes.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- Improved influenza vaccine responses after expression of multiple viral glycoproteins from a single mRNA.Nature communications · 2024Article
84 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The molecular basis for the diversity across influenza strains is poorly understood. To gain insight into this question, we mutagenized the viral genome and sequenced recoverable viruses. Only two small regions in the genome were enriched for insertions, the hemagglutinin head and the immune-modulatory nonstructural protein 1. These proteins play a major role in host adaptation, and thus need to be able to evolve rapidly. We propose a model in which certain influenza A virus proteins (or protein domains) exist as highly plastic scaffolds, which will readily accept mutations yet retain their functionality. This model implies that the ability to rapidly acquire mutations is an inherent aspect of influenza HA and nonstructural protein 1 proteins; further, this may explain why rapid antigenic drift and a broad host range is observed with influenza A virus and not with some other RNA viruses.
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