ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2013
Cognition, mood, and physiological concentrations of sex hormones in the early and late postmenopause.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Individually modifiable risk factors to ameliorate cognitive aging: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society · 2015Pooled it
- Associations between pituitary-ovarian hormones and cognition in recently menopausal women independent of type of hormone therapy.Maturitas · 2023Trial
- Impact of Tamoxifen on Vorinostat-Induced Human Immunodeficiency Virus Expression in Women on Antiretroviral Therapy: AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5366, The MOXIE Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Trial
- Apolipoprotein E4 genotype in combination with poor metabolic profile is associated with reduced cognitive performance in healthy postmenopausal women: implications for late onset Alzheimer's disease.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2019Trial
- Effect of Reproductive History and Exogenous Hormone Use on Cognitive Function in Mid- and Late Life.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2016Trial
- Cognitive effects of estradiol after menopause: A randomized trial of the timing hypothesis.Neurology · 2016Trial
- Vascular Effects of Early versus Late Postmenopausal Treatment with Estradiol.The New England journal of medicine · 2016Trial
- Distinct cognitive effects of estrogen and progesterone in menopausal women.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2015Trial
- Methods and baseline cardiovascular data from the Early versus Late Intervention Trial with Estradiol testing the menopausal hormone timing hypothesis.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2015Trial
- Estradiol modulated brain connectivity in females during midlife performing an episodic memory task.Brain imaging and behavior · 2026Article
- Associations of oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy with incident dementia risk: a population-based cohort study.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Early menopause is associated with reduced global brain activity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Associations between blood sex hormones, cognitive decline and incident dementia in community-dwelling older Australian women: a prospective cohort study.Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society · 2025Article
- Positive associations between sex hormones, bone metabolism and cognitive impairment in Chinese oldest-old females.BMC psychiatry · 2023Article
- Review
- Sex hormones, SHBG and cognitive performance among older Australian women: an observational study.Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society · 2023Observational
- Biopsychosocial risk factors of depression during menopause transition in southeast China.BMC women's health · 2022Article
- Subclinical carotid artery atherosclerosis and cognitive function in older adults.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2022Article
- Oestrogen receptor α gene polymorphisms, insomnia, and cognitive functions in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women in non-manual employment.Archives of medical science : AMS · 2022Article
- Precision hormone therapy: identification of positive responders.Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Variations in the hormonal milieu after menopause may influence neural processes concerned with cognition, cognitive aging, and mood, but findings are inconsistent. In particular, cognitive effects of estradiol may vary with time since menopause, but this prediction has not been assessed directly using serum hormone concentrations. We studied 643 healthy postmenopausal women not using hormone therapy who were recruited into early (<6 y after menopause) and late (10+ y after menopause) groups. Women were administered a comprehensive neuropsychological battery and assessed with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. They provided serum for free estradiol, estrone, progesterone, free testosterone, and sex hormone binding globulin measurements. Cognitive outcomes were standardized composite measures of verbal episodic memory, executive functions, and global cognition. Covariate-adjusted linear regression analyses were conducted for each hormone separately and after adjustment for other hormone levels. Endogenous sex steroid levels were unassociated with cognitive composites, but sex hormone binding globulin was positively associated with verbal memory. Results for early and late groups did not differ significantly, although progesterone concentrations were significantly positively associated with verbal memory and global cognition in early group women. Hormone concentrations were not significantly related to mood. Results fail to support the hypothesis that temporal proximity to menopause modifies the relation between endogenous serum levels of estradiol and verbal memory, executive functions, or global cognition. Physiological variations in endogenous postmenopausal levels of sex steroid hormones are not substantially related to these aspects of cognition or mood; positive associations for progesterone and sex hormone binding globulin merit additional study.
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