ReviewInternational reviews of immunology
Role of pathogens in multiple sclerosis.
Review in International reviews of immunology. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 126 citations in OpenAlex.
- Up-to-date knowledge about the association between multiple sclerosis and the reactivation of human endogenous retrovirus infections.Journal of neurology · 2018Pooled it
- Trial
- Infectious Agents in Multiple Sclerosis: Viral Triggers, Antibody-Mediated Autoimmunity, and Parasitic Immunomodulation.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Viral associations in multiple sclerosis: pathogenetic mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Virology journal · 2026Review
- Molecular mimicry revisited: novel perspectives on autoimmune disease initiation and progression.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Potential mechanisms linking bacterial factors to the development and progression of multiple sclerosis.Infectious medicine · 2025Review
- Immunomodulatory potential of Toxoplasma gondii lysate in C57BL/6 mouse model of autoimmune encephalomyelitis.AMB Express · 2025Article
- Multiple sclerosis, urinary tract infections and infertility: a comprehensive scoping review.Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association · 2025Article
- A successful application of information technologies in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: a case report.Journal of medical case reports · 2024Article
- Latent microbial infections leading to myelin and axonal damage in multiple sclerosis: A narrative review.Current journal of neurology · 2024Article
- Understanding the link between neurotropic viruses, BBB permeability, and MS pathogenesis.Journal of neurovirology · 2024Review
- Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease: A Potential Role of Nose-Picking in Pathogen Entry via the Olfactory System?Biomolecules · 2023Review
- Antibody Cross-Reactivity in Auto-Immune Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- EAE of Mice: Enzymatic Cross Site-Specific Hydrolysis of H2A Histone by IgGs against H2A, H1, H2B, H3, and H4 Histones and Myelin Basic Protein.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- EAE of Mice: Enzymatic Cross Site-Specific Hydrolysis of H2B Histone by IgGs against H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 Histones and Myelin Basic Protein.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- COVID-19 and its implications on the clinico-radiological course of multiple sclerosis: A case-control study.Medicina clinica (English ed.) · 2023Article
- COVID-19 and its implications on the clinico-radiological course of multiple sclerosis: A case-control study.Medicina clinica · 2023Article
- Multiple Sclerosis: Inflammatory and Neuroglial Aspects.Current issues in molecular biology · 2023Review
- Association of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERV) with Multiple Sclerosis in Northwest of Iran.International journal of inflammation · 2023Article
- IMPACT OF NEUROTROPIC VIRUSES ON SURVIVAL OF PATIENTS WITH SURGICALLY TREATED GLIOBLASTOMA.Acta clinica Croatica · 2022Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Although the etiology of MS is unknown, genetic and environmental factors play a role. Infectious pathogens are the likely environmental factors involved in the development of MS. Pathogens associated with the development or exacerbation of MS include bacteria, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae, the Staphylococcus aureus-produced enterotoxins that function as superantigens, viruses of the herpes virus (Epstein-Barr virus and human herpesvirus 6) and human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) families and the protozoa Acanthamoeba castellanii. Evidence, from studies with humans and animal models, supporting the association of these various pathogens with the development and/or exacerbation of MS will be discussed along with the potential mechanisms including molecular mimicry, epitope spreading and bystander activation. In contrast, infection with certain parasites such as helminthes (Schistosoma mansoni, Fasciola hepatica, Hymenolepis nana, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercolaris, Enterobius vermicularis) appears to protect against the development or exacerbation of MS. Evidence supporting the ability of parasitic infections to protect against disease will be discussed along with a brief summary of a recent Phase I clinical trial testing the ability of Trichuris suis ova treatment to improve the clinical course of MS. A complex interaction between the CNS (including the blood-brain barrier), multiple infections with various infectious agents (occurring in the periphery or within the CNS), and the immune response to those various infections may have to be deciphered before the etiology of MS can be fully understood.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.