ArticleProceedings. Biological sciences2013
Early-life exposure to a herbicide has enduring effects on pathogen-induced mortality.
Article in Proceedings. Biological sciences, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 102 citations in OpenAlex.
- The impacts of water quality on the amphibian chytrid fungal pathogen: A systematic review.Environmental microbiology reports · 2024Pooled it
- Co-Exposure with the Herbicide 2,4-D Does Not ExacerbateAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- No sex-dependent mortality in an amphibian upon infection with the chytrid fungus,Ecology and evolution · 2024Article
- Framework for multi-stressor physiological response evaluation in amphibian risk assessment and conservation.Frontiers in ecology and evolution · 2024Article
- Pharmaceutical pollution alters the cost of bacterial infection and its relationship to pathogen load.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2024Article
- Critical review of the phytohemagglutinin assay for assessing amphibian immunity.Conservation physiology · 2023Article
- Does the Glucocorticoid Stress Response Make Toads More Toxic? An Experimental Study on the Regulation of Bufadienolide Toxin Synthesis.Integrative organismal biology (Oxford, England) · 2023Article
- Microplastics increase susceptibility of amphibian larvae to the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Effects of atrazine short-term exposure on jumping ability and intestinal microbiota diversity in male Pelophylax nigromaculatus adults.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2021Article
- Direct and Latent Effects of Pathogen Exposure Across Native and Invasive Amphibian Life Stages.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2021Article
- Individual and combined effects of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides on the cricket frog Fejervarya limnocharis.Environmental geochemistry and health · 2020Article
- Chytrid fungi and global amphibian declines.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2020Review
- Fungicides: An Overlooked Pesticide Class?Environmental science & technology · 2019Article
- Emerging human infectious diseases and the links to global food production.Nature sustainability · 2019Review
- Artificial light at night decreases metamorphic duration and juvenile growth in a widespread amphibian.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2018Article
- Do host-associated gut microbiota mediate the effect of an herbicide on disease risk in frogs?The Journal of animal ecology · 2018Article
- Are the adverse effects of stressors on amphibians mediated by their effects on stress hormones?Oecologia · 2018Article
- Pesticides Could Alter Amphibian Skin Microbiomes and the Effects ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2018Article
- A pesticide paradox: fungicides indirectly increase fungal infections.Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America · 2017Article
- Early-Life Diet Affects Host Microbiota and Later-Life Defenses Against Parasites in Frogs.Integrative and comparative biology · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Exposure to stressors at formative stages in the development of wildlife and humans can have enduring effects on health. Understanding which, when and how stressors cause enduring health effects is crucial because these stressors might then be avoided or mitigated during formative stages to prevent lasting increases in disease susceptibility. Nevertheless, the impact of early-life exposure to stressors on the ability of hosts to resist and tolerate infections has yet to be thoroughly investigated. Here, we show that early-life, 6-day exposure to the herbicide atrazine (mean ± s.e.: 65.9±3.48 µg l(-1)) increased frog mortality 46 days after atrazine exposure (post-metamorphosis), but only when frogs were challenged with a chytrid fungus implicated in global amphibian declines. Previous atrazine exposure did not affect resistance of infection (fungal load). Rather, early-life exposure to atrazine altered growth and development, which resulted in exposure to chytrid at more susceptible developmental stages and sizes, and reduced tolerance of infection, elevating mortality risk at an equivalent fungal burden to frogs unexposed to atrazine. Moreover, there was no evidence of recovery from atrazine exposure. Hence, reducing early-life exposure of amphibians to atrazine could reduce lasting increases in the risk of mortality from a disease associated with worldwide amphibian declines. More generally, these findings highlight that a better understanding of how stressors cause enduring effects on disease susceptibility could facilitate disease prevention in wildlife and humans, an approach that is often more cost-effective and efficient than reactive medicine.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.