ArticleJournal of neurochemistry2014
Increased toll-like receptor 4 in cerebral endothelial cells contributes to the astrocyte swelling and brain edema in acute hepatic encephalopathy.
Article in Journal of neurochemistry, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- Adiponectin Inhibits Oxidative Stress and Tight Junction Protein Loss: Evidence from a Hepatic Encephalopathy Mouse Model and Brain Endothelial Cells.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- TLR-4/Notch1/NF-κB pathway modulation by dapagliflozin: a novel mechanism for neuroprotection in hepatic encephalopathy.Metabolic brain disease · 2025Article
- Hyperammonemia induces programmed liver cell death.Science advances · 2025Article
- Infection, inflammation and hepatic encephalopathy from a clinical perspective.Metabolic brain disease · 2024Review
- Diacerein ameliorates thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy in rats via modulation of TLR4/AQP4/MMP-9 axis.Metabolic brain disease · 2024Article
- Article
- Bile duct ligation elevates 5-HT levels in cerebral cortex of rats partly due to impairment of brain UGT1A6 expression and activity via ammonia accumulation.Redox biology · 2024Article
- Review
- Mechanism of Multi-Organ Injury in Experimental COVID-19 and Its Inhibition by a Small Molecule Peptide.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
- Effect of dihydromyricetin on hepatic encephalopathy associated with acute hepatic failure in mice.Pharmaceutical biology · 2021Article
- Bioinformatics-Based Analysis of lncRNA-mRNA Interaction Network of Mild Hepatic Encephalopathy in Cirrhosis.Computational and mathematical methods in medicine · 2021Article
- Amelioration of Hepatic Encephalopathy UsingBioMed research international · 2021Article
- Activation of Protein Kinase Cδ Contributes to the Induction of Src/EGF Receptor/ERK Signaling in Ammonia-treated Astrocytes.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2020Article
- Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling in Focal Cerebral Ischemia: a Focus on the Neurovascular Unit.Molecular neurobiology · 2020Review
- Hyperammonemia in Hepatic Encephalopathy.Journal of clinical and experimental hepatology · 2018Review
- Direct Comparison of the Thioacetamide and Azoxymethane Models of Type A Hepatic Encephalopathy in Mice.Gene expression · 2018Article
- Inhibition of HMGB1 reduces rat spinal cord astrocytic swelling and AQP4 expression after oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation via TLR4 and NF-κB signaling in an IL-6-dependent manner.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2017Article
- Ammonia promotes endothelial cell survival via the heme oxygenase-1-mediated release of carbon monoxide.Free radical biology & medicine · 2017Article
- Recent advances in hepatic encephalopathy.F1000Research · 2017Review
- What we know: the inflammatory basis of hepatic encephalopathy.Metabolic brain disease · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Astrocyte swelling and the subsequent increase in intracranial pressure and brain herniation are major clinical consequences in patients with acute hepatic encephalopathy. We recently reported that conditioned media from brain endothelial cells (ECs) exposed to ammonia, a mixture of cytokines (CKs) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), when added to astrocytes caused cell swelling. In this study, we investigated the possibility that ammonia and inflammatory agents activate the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in ECs, resulting in the release of factors that ultimately cause astrocyte swelling. We found a significant increase in TLR4 protein expression when ECs were exposed to ammonia, CKs or LPS alone, while exposure of ECs to a combination of these agents potentiate such effects. In addition, astrocytes exposed to conditioned media from TLR4-silenced ECs that were treated with ammonia, CKs or LPS, resulted in a significant reduction in astrocyte swelling. TLR4 protein up-regulation was also detected in rat brain ECs after treatment with the liver toxin thioacetamide, and that thioacetamide-treated TLR4 knock-out mice exhibited a reduction in brain edema. These studies strongly suggest that ECs significantly contribute to the astrocyte swelling/brain edema in acute hepatic encephalopathy, likely as a consequence of increased TLR4 protein expression by blood-borne noxious agents.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.