ArticleJournal of women's health (2002)2014
Perceived discrimination is associated with reduced breast and cervical cancer screening: the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN).
Article in Journal of women's health (2002), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
65 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 105 citations in OpenAlex.
- Barriers to cancer screening uptake and approaches to overcome them: a systematic literature review.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Interpersonal Interactions Related to Racism in Studies Assessing Breast and Gynecological Cancer Health Outcomes Among Black Women.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- The barriers and enablers to accessing sexual health and sexual well-being services for midlife women (aged 40-65 years) in high-income countries: A mixed-methods systematic review.Women's health (London, England)Pooled it
- Differences in Physicians' Verbal and Nonverbal Communication With Black and White Patients at the End of Life.Journal of pain and symptom management · 2016Trial
- Exploring State- and Individual-Level Characteristics Associated with Perceived Barriers to Accessing Sexual and Reproductive Health Care Among Young Adult Black Women.Journal of sex research · 2026Article
- Chronic Conditions and Racially Biased Healthcare Experiences Impact Breast Cancer and Colorectal Cancer Screening Across Racial/Ethnic Groups.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Perceived Discrimination and Healthcare System Trust as Barriers to Survivorship Care in Endometrial Cancer.Cancer medicine · 2026Article
- Evaluating the association between upstream perceived individual and neighborhood determinants of health and intensity of breast cancer screening.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Women's Preferences for Home-Based Self-Sampling or Clinic-Based Testing for Cervical Cancer Screening.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Discrimination and technology-based disease control.PloS one · 2026Article
- Perceived racial discrimination in health care in relation to late stage at breast cancer diagnosis.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2025Article
- Association between self-reported gender-based discrimination and maternal mortality rates: results of an ecological multi-level analysis across nine countries in Sub-Saharan Africa.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Perceived discrimination, trust in physicians, and their associations with ovarian cancer mortality among women in the African American Cancer Epidemiology Study.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2025Article
- Predictors of vaccine uptake during a pandemic: The interplay of lifetime discrimination, educational attainment, and family support.Journal of health psychology · 2025Article
- Identity Safety in Cancer Screening: Building a Basic Research-to-Clinic Translation of Social Identity Theory.The Journal of social issues · 2025Article
- Experience of healthcare discrimination reported by individuals with a history of gynecologic cancer in theGynecologic oncology reports · 2025Article
- Structural racism and breast cancer stage at presentation in a South Florida majority-minority population: a retrospective study.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2025Article
- The "Strong Black Woman" Paradox: Insights from a Cohort of Black Breast and Ovarian Cancer Patients and Family Members.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Rationale and Protocol Design for the Adaptation and Implementation of a Patient Navigation Program for Cervical Cancer Screening Across Contexts in Senegal.International journal of women's health · 2025Article
5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundRacial disparities in breast and cervical cancer screening have been documented in African American, Hispanic, and Asian populations. Perceived discrimination may contribute to this disparity. The aim of this study was to understand the relationship between perceived everyday racial/ethnic and other discrimination and receipt of breast and cervical cancer screening in a multiethnic population of women.
methodsWe analyzed data from 3,258 women participating in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN), a multiethnic/racial, longitudinal cohort study of the natural history of the menopausal transition conducted at seven U.S. sites. Participants completed a validated measure of perceived discrimination and reasons for believing that they were treated differently, along with Pap smears, clinical breast exams (CBE), and mammography at each follow-up period. We used multiple logistic regression for the binary outcomes of having a Pap smear, CBE, or mammogram in each of the two follow-up years, using self-reported "race discrimination" and "other discrimination" at baseline as the main predictors.
resultsAfrican American women reported the highest percentage of racial discrimination (35%), followed by Chinese (20%), Hispanic (12%), Japanese (11%), and non-Hispanic white women (3%). Non-Hispanic white women reported the highest percentage of "other" discrimination (40%), followed by Chinese (33%), African American (24%), Japanese (23%), and Hispanic women (16%). Perceived racial discrimination was not associated with reduced receipt of preventive screening, except in one fully adjusted model. Reported discrimination owing to "other" reasons, such as age or gender, was associated with reduced receipt of Pap smear (odds ratio [OR] 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.74-0.99), CBE (OR 0.78; 95% CI 0.67-0.91), and mammography (OR 0.80; 95% CI 0.69-0.92) regardless of patient race.
conclusionsPerceived discrimination is an important issue across racial/ethnic groups and is negatively associated with receipt of breast and cervical cancer screening. This is an important issue that needs to be further explored and addressed in efforts to improve the delivery of healthcare to all groups.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.