Observational studyMediators of inflammation2013
TNF-alpha levels in tears: a novel biomarker to assess the degree of diabetic retinopathy.
Observational study in Mediators of inflammation, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 110 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tear-fluid-derived biomarkers of ocular complications in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Beyond hyperglycaemia: diabetic retinopathy is a multifactorial complication of diabetes mellitus.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Article
- Assessment of Serum Lipocalin-2 in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients With and Without Retinopathy.Cureus · 2026Article
- Inflammatory Biomarkers in Diabetic Macular Edema.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Correlation between ocular surface characteristics and tear lymphotoxin-alpha in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus of different courses.International ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Recent advances in smart contact lenses.Biosensors & bioelectronics: X · 2026Article
- Optical Contact Lenses Biosensors.ACS sensors · 2025Review
- Rapid and Quantitative Detection of TNF-α in Human Tears Using a Portable Electrochemiluminescence-Based Device.Biosensors · 2025Article
- Article
- Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking to Explore the Mechanism of Compound Qilian Tablets in Treating Diabetic Retinopathy.Current computer-aided drug design · 2025Article
- Elevated aqueous TNF-α levels are associated with more severe functional and anatomic findings in eyes with diabetic macular oedema.Clinical & experimental ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Incidence of diabetic retinopathy in anti-tnf treated rheumatic disease patients with type 2 diabetes.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2024Article
- The role of endothelial growth factor and tear levels in diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes.International ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Neuroprotective Effects of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors (Gliflozins) on Diabetes-Induced Neurodegeneration and Neurotoxicity: A Graphical Review.International journal of preventive medicine · 2024Review
- Comprehensive analysis of systemic, metabolic, and molecular changes following prospective change to low-carbohydrate diet in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in India.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- A bibliometric and visualization analysis of electrochemical biosensors for early diagnosis of eye diseases.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- Field effect transistor based wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2023Review
- Inhibition of Galectins and the P2X7 Purinergic Receptor as a Therapeutic Approach in the Neurovascular Inflammation of Diabetic Retinopathy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Is metformin neuroprotective against diabetes mellitus-induced neurodegeneration? An updated graphical review of molecular basis.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We assess the level of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in tear fluids and other serum parameters associated with diabetes in different degrees of diabetic retinopathy. We have performed a prospective, nonrandomized, observational study. Study population consisted of 16 healthy subjects (controls) and 32 type 2 diabetic patients: 16 affected by proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and 16 with nonproliferative retinopathy (NDPR, background/preproliferative). Body mass index, urinary albumin, blood glucose, HbA1c, and tear levels of TNF-alpha were measured in all subjects. The value of glycaemia, microalbuminurea, and Body mass index in diabetic retinopathy groups were higher than those in control group (P < 0.05). Glycemia in NPDR: 6.6 mmol/L (range: 5.8-6.3); in PDR: 6.7 mmol/L (range: 6.1-7.2); in control: 5.7 mmol/L (range: 4.9-6.1); microalbuminurea in NPDR: 10.6 mg/L (range: 5.6-20); in PDR: 25.2 mg/L (range: 17-40); in control: 5.3 mg/L (range: 2.6-10); Body mass index in NPDR: 26 Kg/m(2) (range: 20.3-40); in PDR: 28 Kg/m(2) (range 20.3-52); in control: 21 Kg/m(2) (range 19-26). The TNF-alpha concentrations in tears increase with the severity of pathology and were lower in control group than in diabetic subjects. In the end, the level of TNF-alpha is highly correlated with severity of diabetic retinopathy and with nephropathy. Tear fluid collection may be a useful noninvasive method for the detection of proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
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