ArticleThe American journal of clinical nutrition2014
Understanding the patterns and trends of sodium intake, potassium intake, and sodium to potassium ratio and their effect on hypertension in China.
Article in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 163 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
163 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 281 citations in OpenAlex.
- Identification of Chinese dietary patterns and their relationships with health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Public health nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Awareness and Use of Low-Sodium Salt Substitutes and Its Impact on 24-h Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion in China-A Cross-Sectional Study.Nutrients · 2023Pooled it
- Sodium and Potassium Intake and Cardiovascular Disease in Older People: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2020Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of the Sources of Dietary Salt Around the World.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2020Pooled it
- Twenty-Four-Hour Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2019Pooled it
- Dietary Sources of Salt in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Literature Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Pooled it
- Population-level interventions in government jurisdictions for dietary sodium reduction: a Cochrane Review.International journal of epidemiology · 2017Pooled it
- Systematic review of dietary salt reduction policies: Evidence for an effectiveness hierarchy?PloS one · 2017Pooled it
- The science of salt: a systematic review of clinical salt studies 2013 to 2014.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2015Pooled it
- Salt Reduction Initiatives around the World - A Systematic Review of Progress towards the Global Target.PloS one · 2015Pooled it
- Sodium-to-potassium ratio and blood pressure, hypertension, and related factors.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2014Pooled it
- Long-Term Effects of a Comprehensive Intervention Strategy for Salt Reduction in China: Scale-Up of a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.Nutrients · 2024Trial
- Blood pressure variation and ultra-processed food consumption in children with obesity.European journal of pediatrics · 2023Trial
- Urinary sodium excretion and dietary sources of sodium intake in community-dwelling Chinese adults aged 50 years and over.Public health nutrition · 2021Trial
- Cost and cost-effectiveness of a school-based education program to reduce salt intake in children and their families in China.PloS one · 2017Trial
- Does education level affect the efficacy of a community based salt reduction program? - A post-hoc analysis of the China Rural Health Initiative Sodium Reduction Study (CRHI-SRS).BMC public health · 2016Trial
- School based education programme to reduce salt intake in children and their families (School-EduSalt): cluster randomised controlled trial.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2015Trial
- Determinants of High Salt Intake in Croatian Adults: Evidence from 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion in the EH-UH 2 Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Takeaway Fast-Food Consumption and Elevated Diastolic Blood Pressure in US Young Adults: An Exploratory Mediation Analysis of Metabolic and Inflammatory Indicators.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
103 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issuedNeiman, Andrea [removed]
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundRecent studies have shown inconsistent effects of sodium reduction, potassium intake, and the ratio of sodium to potassium (Na/K ratio) on hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. Major gaps exist in knowledge regarding these issues in China.
objectiveWe analyzed the patterns and trends of dietary sodium intake, potassium intake, and the Na/K ratio and their relations with incident hypertension in China.
designThe China Health and Nutrition Survey cohort includes 16,869 adults aged 20-60 y from 1991 to 2009. Three consecutive 24-h dietary recalls and condiment and food weights provided detailed dietary data. Multinomial logistic regression models determined trends and patterns of sodium and potassium intake and the Na/K ratio. Models for survival-time data estimated the hazard of incident hypertension.
resultsSodium intake is decreasing but remains double the Institute of Medicine recommendations. Most sodium comes from added condiments. Adults in the central provinces have the highest sodium intake and the most rapid increase in hypertension. Potassium intake has increased slightly but is below half of the recommended amount. The Na/K ratio is significantly higher than the recommended amounts. Recent measurements of high sodium intake, low potassium intake, and high Na/K ratio have strong independent dose-response associations with incident hypertension.
conclusionsReducing sodium in processed foods, the major public health strategy in Western countries, may be less effective in China, where salt intake remains high. Replacing sodium with potassium in salt to control and prevent hypertension in China should be considered along with other public health and clinical prevention options.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.