ArticleMolecular microbiology2014
Trichomonas vaginalis flavin reductase 1 and its role in metronidazole resistance.
Article in Molecular microbiology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 82 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of the literature on mechanisms of 5-nitroimidazole resistance inParasitology · 2020Pooled it
- Transcriptomic Signatures ofMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Trichomonas vaginalis Drug Targets and Their Role in Drug Discovery and Development.Pharmaceutical research · 2026Review
- A Viral RNA Silencing Suppressor Modulates Reactive Oxygen Species Levels to Induce the Autophagic Degradation of Dicer-Like and Argonaute-Like Proteins.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Roles of efflux pumps and nitroreductases in metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis.Parasitology research · 2025Article
- Targeting histone acetylation to overcome drug resistance in the parasitebioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Imidazole Carbamates as a Promising Alternative for Treating Trichomoniasis: In Vitro Effects on the Growth and Gene Expression ofMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Effect of Trichomonacide 6-Nitro-1International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- A Comparison of Bottom-Up Proteomic Sample Preparation Methods for the Human ParasiteACS omega · 2024Article
- Review
- Article
- Identification ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Detection of metronidazole resistance in Trichomonas vaginalis using uncultured vaginal swabs.Parasitology research · 2022Article
- Effect of the Symbiosis withAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- An Overview of Mucosa-Associated Protozoa: Challenges in Chemotherapy and Future Perspectives.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Review
- Characterization of Metronidazole-ResistantFrontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Article
- A reassessment of the role of oxygen scavenging enzymes in the emergence of metronidazole resistance in trichomonads.International journal for parasitology. Drugs and drug resistance · 2021Article
- Gold(I) Phosphine Derivatives with Improved Selectivity as Topically Active Drug Leads to Overcome 5-Nitroheterocyclic Drug Resistance inJournal of medicinal chemistry · 2021Article
- A review onSouthern African journal of infectious diseases · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The enzyme flavin reductase 1 (FR1) from Trichomonas vaginalis, formerly known as NADPH oxidase, was isolated and identified. Flavin reductase is part of the antioxidative defence in T. vaginalis and indirectly reduces molecular oxygen to hydrogen peroxide via free flavins. Importantly, a reduced or absent flavin reductase activity has been reported in metronidazole-resistant T. vaginalis, resulting in elevated intracellular oxygen levels and futile cycling of metronidazole. Interestingly, FR1 has no close homologue in any other sequenced genome, but seven full-length and three truncated isoforms exist in the T. vaginalis genome. However, out of these, only FR1 has an affinity for flavins, i.e. FMN, FAD and riboflavin, which is high enough to be of physiological relevance. Although there are no relevant changes in the gene sequence or any alterations of the predicted FR1-mRNA structure in any of the strains studied, FR1 is not expressed in highly metronidazole-resistant strains. Transfection of a metronidazole-resistant clinical isolate (B7268), which does not express any detectable amounts of FR, with a plasmid bearing a functional FR1 gene nearly completely restored metronidazole sensitivity. Our results indicate that FR1 has a significant role in the emergence of metronidazole resistance in T. vaginalis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.