ReviewGut microbes
Clostridium difficile binary toxin CDT: mechanism, epidemiology, and potential clinical importance.
Review in Gut microbes. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 241 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
241 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 406 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nonmammalian models to study Clostridioides difficile infection; a systematic review.Anaerobe · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- The prevalence and molecular epidemiology ofEmerging microbes & infections · 2026Observational
- From colonization to infection: Genomic evolution of Clostridioides difficile pathogenesis.Cell reports · 2026Review
- Balancing act of cytokines in controlling the severity ofInfection and immunity · 2026Review
- Prevalence ofCanadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire · 2026Article
- Carbadox, a veterinary growth promoter exhibits anticlostridial activity through induction of oxidative stress in Clostridioides difficile.Gut pathogens · 2026Article
- Ionomycin Exhibits Potent and Selective Bactericidal Activity Against Clostridioides difficile Through Calcium-Dependent Membrane Disruption.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Article
- Clostridioides difficile pathogenesis and control.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- A novel RNA nucleic acid amplification test more accurately distinguishes activemedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Nanobodies against Clostridioides difficile CDTb provide a toolkit for potent toxin neutralization and highly sensitive quantitation.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Article
- Clostridioides difficile : A suspected pro-carcinogenic bacterium for gastrointestinal tumors.Chinese medical journal · 2026Review
- Mechanistic Insights Into the Inhibition ofScientifica · 2026Article
- Comparative genomic analysis of Clostridioides difficile strains in Mexico: insights into virulence and resistance.Access microbiology · 2026Article
- A Colombian strain ofVirulence · 2025Article
- Exploring the etiology of colitis: insights from gut microbiota research.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Predictive Modeling for Clostridioides difficile Infection: Current State of the Science, Clinical Applications, and Future Directions.Infectious disease clinics of North America · 2025Review
- Pathogen virulence genes: Advances, challenges and future directions in infectious disease research (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2025Review
- The Ambivalent Nature ofToxins · 2025Review
- History and Evolution of the HypervirulentMicroorganisms · 2025Review
181 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Binary toxin (CDT) is frequently observed in Clostridium difficile strains associated with increased severity of C. difficile infection (CDI). CDT belongs to the family of binary ADP-ribosylating toxins consisting of two separate toxin components: CDTa, the enzymatic ADP-ribosyltransferase which modifies actin, and CDTb which binds to host cells and translocates CDTa into the cytosol. CDTb is activated by serine proteases and binds to lipolysis stimulated lipoprotein receptor. ADP-ribosylation induces depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton. Toxin-induced actin depolymerization also produces microtubule-based membrane protrusions which form a network on epithelial cells and increase bacterial adherence. Multiple clinical studies indicate an association between binary toxin genes in C. difficile and increased 30-d CDI mortality independent of PCR ribotype. Further studies including measures of binary toxin in stool, analyses of CDI mortality caused by CDT-producing strains, and examination of the relationship of CDT expression to TcdA and TcdB toxin variants and PCR ribotypes are needed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.