ArticleBMJ open2013
Geographical prevalence and risk factors for pterygium: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Article in BMJ open, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 81 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
81 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Global, regional, and national prevalence of pterygium in 2023: a systematic review and modelling analysis.Journal of global health · 2026Pooled it
- TFOS lifestyle: Impact of societal challenges on the ocular surface.The ocular surface · 2023Pooled it
- Transcriptomics and network analysis highlight potential pathways in the pathogenesis of pterygium.Scientific reports · 2022Pooled it
- Amniotic membrane transplantation and conjunctival autograft combined with mitomycin C for the management of primary pterygium: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Conjunctival Autograft Versus Amniotic Membrane Transplantation for Treatment of Pterygium: Findings From a Cochrane Systematic Review.American journal of ophthalmology · 2017Pooled it
- Variations of pterygium prevalence by age, gender and geographic characteristics in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2017Pooled it
- Conjunctival autograft for pterygium.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2016Pooled it
- Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of modified LSC transplantation plus BCL implantation in the treatment of pterygium.BMC ophthalmology · 2024Trial
- Comparison of autologous fibrin glue versus nylon sutures for securing conjunctival autografting in pterygium surgery.International ophthalmology · 2018Trial
- Gene Expression Signatures Associated with Pterygium Recurrence.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Recurrence rate, time to recurrence, and associated factors after primary pterygium excision with conjunctival-limbal autograft: a prospective cohort study.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Time to Keratometric Stability after Pterygium Excision Surgery in a Tertiary Hospital in the Philippines.Acta medica Philippina · 2026Article
- [Limbal diseases].Die Ophthalmologie · 2026Review
- Nurse-Led Binaural Beat Intervention for Anxiety Reduction in Pterygium Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Nursing reports (Pavia, Italy) · 2025Article
- Clinical outcomes of pterygium surgery over a ten-year period: a review of recurrence and complication rates.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Potential Role ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Impact of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation on postoperative recovery in older adults following pterygium excision: a prospective randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Assessing genetic and environmental components for pterygium: a nationwide study in Taiwan.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Low Rate of Postoperative Pterygium Recurrence in Patients under Treatment with Low-Dose Oral Doxycycline for Chronic Blepharitis: A First Report.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Clinical Applications of Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography: An Updated Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivePterygium is considered to be a proliferative overgrowth of bulbar conjunctiva that can induce significant astigmatism and cause visual impairment; this is the first meta-analysis to investigate the pooled prevalence and risk factors for pterygium in the global world.
designA systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies.
settingInternational.
participantsA total of 20 studies with 900 545 samples were included. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE: The pooled prevalence and risk factors for pterygium.
results20 studies were included. The pooled prevalence of pterygium was 10.2% (95% CI 6.3% to 16.1%). The pooled prevalence among men was higher than that among women (14.5% vs 13.6%). The proportion of participants with unilateral cases of pterygium was higher than that of participants with bilateral cases of pterygium. We found a trend that the higher pooled prevalence of pterygium was associated with decreasing geographical latitude and age in the world. The pooled OR was 2.32 (95% CI 1.66 to 3.23) for the male gender and 1.76 (95% CI 1.55 to 2.00) for outdoor activity, respectively.
conclusionsThe pooled prevalence of pterygium was relatively high, especially for low latitude regions and the elderly. There were many modifiable risk factors associated with pterygium to which healthcare providers should pay more attention.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.