ReviewMobile genetic elements2013
Toxin-antitoxin systems: Biology, identification, and application.
Review in Mobile genetic elements, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 176 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
176 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 326 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Overview of Type II and III Toxin-Antitoxin Systems with a Focus on Druggability.Toxins · 2018Pooled it
- Phage anti-defense genes targeting NADVirulence · 2026Article
- A Biological Approach to Antimicrobial Resistance in New and Old Bacterial Pathogens.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Within-patient gene transfer between transiently and chronically infecting bacteria causes extreme antibiotic resistance during lung infections.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- Identification of a novel gene inAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2026Article
- Article
- The plasmid-host fitness landscape: a new paradigm for predicting the fate of mobile resistance.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Review
- Bistability in type I toxin-antitoxin systems may lead to stress-induced persister formation.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2025Article
- Design of orthogonal and portable RNA devices for post-transcriptional regulation by reverse engineering type I toxin-antitoxin systems.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- Genomic characterization of Microbacterium meiriae sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from the International Space Station.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Therapeutic Promise and Biotechnological Prospects ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Picocyanobacteria in the Chesapeake Bay: isolation, diversity, and adaptation.Marine life science & technology · 2025Review
- Bacterial programmed cell death and toxin-antitoxin system in bacteria.Archives of microbiology · 2025Review
- Environment signal dependent biocontainment systems for engineered organisms: Leveraging triggered responses and combinatorial systems.Synthetic and systems biotechnology · 2025Review
- Understanding the physiological role and cross-interaction network of VapBC35 toxin-antitoxin system from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Communications biology · 2025Article
- The Isolation, Identification, and Whole-Genome Sequencing of a Potential Probiotic,Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Antibiotic use in oyster hatcheries promotes rapid spread of a highly transferable and modular resistance plasmid in Vibrio.The ISME journal · 2025Article
- Deciphering the role of VapBC13 and VapBC26 toxin antitoxin systems in the pathophysiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Communications biology · 2024Article
- Bacterial persisters: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic development.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain with deletions in menT3 and menT4 is attenuated and confers protection in mice and guinea pigs.Nature communications · 2024Article
116 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements composed of a toxin gene and its cognate antitoxin. The toxins of all known TA systems are proteins while the antitoxins are either proteins or non-coding RNAs. Based on the molecular nature of the antitoxin and its mode of interaction with the toxin the TA modules are currently grouped into five classes. In general, the toxin is more stable than the antitoxin but the latter is expressed to a higher level. If supply of the antitoxin stops, for instance under special growth conditions or by plasmid loss in case of plasmid encoded TA systems, the antitoxin is rapidly degraded and can no longer counteract the toxin. Consequently, the toxin becomes activated and can act on its cellular targets. Typically, TA toxins act on crucial cellular processes including translation, replication, cytoskeleton formation, membrane integrity, and cell wall biosynthesis. TA systems and their components are also versatile tools for a multitude of purposes in basic research and biotechnology. Currently, TA systems are frequently used for selection in cloning and for single protein expression in living bacterial cells. Since several TA toxins exhibit activity in yeast and mammalian cells they may be useful for applications in eukaryotic systems. TA modules are also considered as promising targets for the development of antibacterial drugs and their potential to combat viral infection may aid in controlling infectious diseases.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.