ArticleThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2014
Menarche, menopause, years of menstruation, and the incidence of osteoporosis: the influence of prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol.
Article in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Osteoporosis in Patients with Pre-Existing Diabetes Mellitus and in Women with Estrogen Deficiency: A Molecular and Cellular Perspective.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Mendelian randomization analysis: exploring the causal relationship between menstrual cycle length and bone mineral density.Archives of medical science : AMS · 2025Article
- Genetic Insights Into the Relationship Between Menstrual Factors and Site-/Age-Specific Bone Mineral Density.International journal of genomics · 2025Article
- Association between Healthy Eating Index-2015 total and component food scores with reproductive lifespan among postmenopausal women: a population-based study from NHANES 2005-2016.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Genetic Prediction of Osteoporosis by Anti-Müllerian Hormone Levels and Reproductive Factors in Women: A Mendelian Randomization Study.Calcified tissue international · 2024Article
- Estrogen exposure and skeletal health: Special populations and considerations.Journal of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America · 2024Article
- The Heterogeneity of Post-Menopausal Disease Risk: Could the Basis for Why Only Subsets of Females Are Affected Be Due to a Reversible Epigenetic Modification System Associated with Puberty, Menstrual Cycles, Pregnancy and Lactation, and, Ultimately, Menopause?International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Determinants of Z-Score of Bone Mineral Density among Premenopausal Saudi Females in Different Age Groups: A Cross Sectional Study.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Age at Natural Menopause in Women Living with HIV: A Cross-Sectional Study Comparing Self-Reported and Biochemical Data.Viruses · 2023Article
- Hormone-Related and Drug-Induced Osteoporosis: A Cellular and Molecular Overview.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Whole-Body Vibration Therapy as a Modality for Treatment of Senile and Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: A Review Article.Cureus · 2023Review
- Current Status of the Diagnosis and Management of Osteoporosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Approach to the Patient: Management of Pituitary Hormone Replacement Through Transition.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2022Article
- Risk Factors of Osteoporosis in Females: A Hospital-Based Case-Control Study, Yazd, Iran.Iranian journal of public health · 2022Article
- Osteoporosis Due to Hormone Imbalance: An Overview of the Effects of Estrogen Deficiency and Glucocorticoid Overuse on Bone Turnover.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- An Exploration of Mutagenesis in a Family with Cleidocranial Dysplasia withoutFrontiers in genetics · 2021Article
- Adolescent Sport Participation and Age at Menarche in Relation to Midlife Body Composition, Bone Mineral Density, Fitness, and Physical Activity.Journal of clinical medicine · 2020Article
- Association between Bone Metabolism and Vestibular Problems in the Modified Romberg Test: Data from the 2009-2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.Journal of clinical medicine · 2020Article
- Bone mineral density in old age: the influence of age at menarche, menopause status and habitual past and present physical activity.Archives of medical science : AMS · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
contextEstrogen is critical for bone formation and growth in women. Estrogen exposures occur throughout life, including prenatally, and change with reproductive events, such as menarche and menopause.
objectiveThe objective of this study was to investigate the association between age at menarche, age at menopause, and years of menstruation with incidence of osteoporosis and assess the impact of prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES), a synthetic estrogen, on such associations. DESIGN, SETTING, AND
participantsParticipants were 5573 women in the National Cancer Institute Combined Cohort Study of DES (1994-2006). Data on reproductive history and medical conditions were collected through questionnaires at baseline in 1994 and subsequently in 1997, 2001, and 2006. Age-stratified Cox regression models were used to calculate multivariable incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Effect measure modification by prenatal DES exposure was assessed using cubic restricted spline regression models.
main outcome measureOsteoporosis was the main outcome measure.
resultsThe IRRs for osteoporosis incidence with age at menarche less than 11 years and age at menopause of 50 years or younger were 0.82 (CI 0.59, 1.14) and 0.61 (CI 0.40, 0.92), respectively. Fewer than 25 years of menstruation was associated with an increased incidence of osteoporosis (IRR 1.80; CI 1.14, 2.86) compared with 35 years or more of menstruation. Associations were stronger among women who had not been prenatally exposed to DES.
conclusionsOur data support the hypothesis that lifetime cumulative exposure to estrogens is protective against osteoporosis. Furthermore, prenatal exposure to estrogen appears to modify these associations, although the mechanism by which this occurs is unknown.
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