ArticlePloS one2013
High rates of hepatitis C virus reinfection and spontaneous clearance of reinfection in people who inject drugs: a prospective cohort study.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Incidence of HIV and hepatitis C virus among people who inject drugs, and associations with age and sex or gender: a global systematic review and meta-analysis.The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2023Pooled it
- Homelessness, unstable housing, and risk of HIV and hepatitis C virus acquisition among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet. Public health · 2021Pooled it
- Functional Antigen-Specific CD8 TEuropean journal of immunology · 2025Article
- High false hepatitis C antibody positivity rate in a regionally-inclusive population of non-renumerated blood donors in Uganda.African health sciences · 2024Article
- Article
- Real-world hepatitis C treatment outcomes and reinfections among people who inject drugs at a needle and syringe program in Stockholm, Sweden.Harm reduction journal · 2023Article
- HCV microelimination in harm reduction centres has benefits beyond HCV cure but is hampered by high reinfection rates.JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 2022Article
- Cost-Utility of All-Oral Direct-Acting Antiviral Regimens for the Treatment of Genotype 1 Chronic Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Patients in Hong Kong.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2021Article
- Housing Stability and Hepatitis C Infection for Young Adults Who Inject Drugs: Examining the Relationship of Consistent and Intermittent Housing Status on HCV Infection Risk.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2020Article
- Missed opportunities for prevention and treatment of hepatitis C among persons with HIV/HCV coinfection.AIDS care · 2020Article
- Hepatitis C Virus Vaccine: Challenges and Prospects.Vaccines · 2020Review
- Cost-effectiveness of integrating buprenorphine-naloxone treatment for opioid use disorder into clinical care for persons with HIV/hepatitis C co-infection who inject opioids.The International journal on drug policy · 2019Article
- Pre-clinical evaluation of a quadrivalent HCV VLP vaccine in pigs following microneedle delivery.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Intelligent Network DisRuption Analysis (INDRA): A targeted strategy for efficient interruption of hepatitis C transmissions.Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases · 2018Article
- Management of acute HCV infection in the era of direct-acting antiviral therapy.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2018Review
- Hepatitis C Virus Elimination in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Coinfected Population: Leveraging the Existing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infrastructure.Infectious disease clinics of North America · 2018Review
- Challenges Facing a Rural Opioid Epidemic: Treatment and Prevention of HIV and Hepatitis C.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2018Review
- Immunological responses following administration of a genotype 1a/1b/2/3a quadrivalent HCV VLP vaccine.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Understanding and addressing hepatitis C reinfection in the oral direct-acting antiviral era.Journal of viral hepatitis · 2018Review
- Hepatitis C cross-genotype immunity and implications for vaccine development.Scientific reports · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
unlabelledHepatitis C virus reinfection and spontaneous clearance of reinfection were examined in a highly characterised cohort of 188 people who inject drugs over a five-year period. Nine confirmed reinfections and 17 possible reinfections were identified (confirmed reinfections were those genetically distinct from the previous infection and possible reinfections were used to define instances where genetic differences between infections could not be assessed due to lack of availability of hepatitis C virus sequence data). The incidence of confirmed reinfection was 28.8 per 100 person-years (PY), 95%CI: 15.0-55.4; the combined incidence of confirmed and possible reinfection was 24.6 per 100 PY (95%CI: 16.8-36.1). The hazard of hepatitis C reinfection was approximately double that of primary hepatitis C infection; it did not reach statistical significance in confirmed reinfections alone (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.45, 95%CI: 0.87-6.86, p=0.089), but did in confirmed and possible hepatitis C reinfections combined (HR: 1.93, 95%CI: 1.01-3.69, p=0.047) and after adjustment for the number of recent injecting partners and duration of injecting. In multivariable analysis, shorter duration of injection (HR: 0.91; 95%CI: 0.83-0.98; p=0.019) and multiple recent injecting partners (HR: 3.12; 95%CI: 1.08-9.00, p=0.035) were independent predictors of possible and confirmed reinfection. Time to spontaneous clearance was shorter in confirmed reinfection (HR: 5.34, 95%CI: 1.67-17.03, p=0.005) and confirmed and possible reinfection (HR: 3.10, 95%CI: 1.10-8.76, p-value=0.033) than primary infection. Nonetheless, 50% of confirmed reinfections and 41% of confirmed or possible reinfections did not spontaneously clear.
conclusionsHepatitis C reinfection and spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C reinfection were observed at high rates, suggesting partial acquired natural immunity to hepatitis C virus. Public health campaigns about the risks of hepatitis C reinfection are required.
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