Trial reportPloS one2013
Cytokines and signaling molecules predict clinical outcomes in sepsis.
Trial report in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- The efficacy of thymosin α1 as immunomodulatory treatment for sepsis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.BMC infectious diseases · 2016Pooled it
- The Specific Organism: Not Bacterial Gram Type: Drives the Inflammatory Response in Septic Shock.Journal of innate immunity · 2020Trial
- Metabolic and post-translational modifications in sepsis-associated immune dysfunction: a conceptual framework.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- [Research advances on the application of artificial intelligence technology in the diagnosis and treatment of sepsis patients].Zhonghua shao shang yu chuang mian xiu fu za zhi · 2025Review
- Prediction of Hyperinflammatory Phenotypes in Critically Ill Patients via Routine Clinical Data and IL-6: Towards Personalized Anti-Inflammatory Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Sepsis subphenotypes, theragnostics and personalized sepsis care.Intensive care medicine · 2025Review
- Acute inflammatory profile of patients submitted to pulmonary resection.Acta cirurgica brasileira · 2025Article
- The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Regulates Sarcoidosis Granulomatous Inflammation.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2024Article
- Observational
- Sphingolipid-Induced Bone Regulation and Its Emerging Role in Dysfunction Due to Disease and Infection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Complex Thrombo-Inflammatory Responses versus Outcomes of Non-COVID-19 Community-Acquired Pneumonia and COVID-19.Journal of innate immunity · 2024Article
- A biomarker for bacteremia in pregnant women with acute pyelonephritis: soluble suppressor of tumorigenicity 2 or sST2.The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians · 2023Article
- Sepsis biomarkers and diagnostic tools with a focus on machine learning.EBioMedicine · 2022Review
- Patient Stratification in Sepsis: Using Metabolomics to Detect Clinical Phenotypes, Sub-Phenotypes and Therapeutic Response.Metabolites · 2022Review
- Cytokines as Potential Biomarkers for Differential Diagnosis of Sepsis and Other Non-Septic Disease Conditions.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Article
- Frailty in Stroke-A Narrated Review.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Bacterial virulence plays a crucial role in MRSA sepsis.PLoS pathogens · 2021Article
- Immunomodulatory Effect of Doxycycline Ameliorates Systemic and Pulmonary Inflammation in a Murine Polymicrobial Sepsis Model.Inflammation · 2020Article
- Cytokine patterns in critically ill patients undergoing percutaneous tracheostomy.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2019Article
- A multiplex analysis of sepsis mediators during human septic shock: a preliminary study on myocardial depression and organ failures.Annals of intensive care · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
introductionInflammatory response during sepsis is incompletely understood due to small sample sizes and variable timing of measurements following the onset of symptoms. The vasopressin in septic shock trial (VASST) compared the addition of vasopressin to norepinephrine alone in patients with septic shock. During this study plasma was collected and 39 cytokines measured in a 363 patients at both baseline (before treatment) and 24 hours. Clinical features relating to both underlying health and the acute organ dysfunction induced by the severe infection were collected during the first 28 days of admission. HYPOTHESIS: Cluster analysis of cytokines identifies subgroups of patients at differing risk of death and organ failure.
methodsCirculating cytokines and other signaling molecules were measured using a Luminex multi-bead analyte detection system. Hierarchical clustering was performed on plasma values to create patient subgroups. Enrichment analysis identified clinical outcomes significantly different according to these chemically defined patient subgroups. Logistic regression was performed to assess the importance of cytokines for predicting patient subgroups.
resultsPlasma levels at baseline produced three subgroups of patients, while 24 hour levels produced two subgroups. Using baseline cytokine data, one subgroup of 47 patients showed a high level of enrichment for severe septic shock, coagulopathy, renal failure, and risk of death. Using data at 24 hours, a larger subgroup of 81 patients that largely encompassed the 47 baseline subgroup patients had a similar enrichment profile. Measurement of two cytokines, IL2 and CSF2 and their product were sufficient to classify patients into these subgroups that defined clinical risks.
conclusionsA distinct pattern of cytokine levels measured early in the course of sepsis predicts disease outcome. Subpopulations of patients have differing clinical outcomes that can be predicted accurately from small numbers of cytokines. Design of clinical trials and interventions may benefit from consideration of cytokine levels.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.