ArticlePloS one2013
Relationship between fear conditionability and aversive memories: evidence from a novel conditioned-intrusion paradigm.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Intrusive memories of trauma: A target for research bridging cognitive science and its clinical application.Clinical psychology review · 2019Pooled it
- Can't get it out of my mind: A systematic review of predictors of intrusive memories of distressing events.Psychological bulletin · 2018Pooled it
- Effects of intranasal insulin as an enhancer of fear extinction: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled experimental study.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2020Trial
- Cortisol administration after extinction in a fear-conditioning paradigm with traumatic film clips prevents return of fear.Translational psychiatry · 2019Trial
- Plasma Allopregnanolone and Sex Hormone Responses to Stress Induction: Contributors to the Formation of Intrusive Memories.Neuropsychobiology · 2026Article
- Understanding the Role of Endocannabinoids in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Fear Conditioning With Film Clip and Electric Shock Unconditioned Stimuli: What Drives Conditioned Electrodermal Responses?Psychophysiology · 2025Article
- Use of experimental medicine approaches for the development of novel psychiatric treatments based on orexin receptor modulation.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2023Review
- Prefrontal-hippocampal interactions supporting the extinction of emotional memories: the retrieval stopping model.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2022Review
- COVID-19-related distress is associated with analogue PTSD symptoms after exposure to an analogue stressor.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2022Article
- The neurobiological basis of sex differences in learned fear and its inhibition.The European journal of neuroscience · 2020Review
- Intrusive memories and voluntary memory of a trauma film: Differential effects of a cognitive interference task after encoding.Journal of experimental psychology. General · 2019Article
- Kainate receptor auxiliary subunit NETO2 is required for normal fear expression and extinction.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2019Article
- Aetiology and treatment of nightmare disorder: State of the art and future perspectives.Journal of sleep research · 2019Review
- Frequency of Intrusions and Appraisal of Related Distress After Analogue Trauma: A Comparative Ecological Momentary Assessment Methods Study.Cognitive therapy and research · 2019Article
- Differential effects of sleep on explicit and implicit memory for potential trauma reminders: findings from an analogue study.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2019Article
- Multiple memory systems, multiple time points: how science can inform treatment to control the expression of unwanted emotional memories.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2018Article
- Intrusive Memories of Trauma in the Laboratory: Methodological Developments and Future Directions.Current behavioral neuroscience reports · 2018Review
- The impact of threat of shock-induced anxiety on memory encoding and retrieval.Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) · 2017Article
- Intrusive memories to traumatic footage: the neural basis of their encoding and involuntary recall.Psychological medicine · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Intrusive memories--a hallmark symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)--are often triggered by stimuli possessing similarity with cues that predicted or accompanied the traumatic event. According to learning theories, intrusive memories can be seen as a conditioned response to trauma reminders. However, direct laboratory evidence for the link between fear conditionability and intrusive memories is missing. Furthermore, fear conditioning studies have predominantly relied on standardized aversive stimuli (e.g. electric stimulation) that bear little resemblance to typical traumatic events. To investigate the general relationship between fear conditionability and aversive memories, we tested 66 mentally healthy females in a novel conditioned-intrusion paradigm designed to model real-life traumatic experiences. The paradigm included a differential fear conditioning procedure with neutral sounds as conditioned stimuli and short violent film clips as unconditioned stimuli. Subsequent aversive memories were assessed through a memory triggering task (within 30 minutes, in the laboratory) and ambulatory assessment (involuntary aversive memories in the 2 days following the experiment). Skin conductance responses and subjective ratings demonstrated successful differential conditioning indicating that naturalistic aversive film stimuli can be used in a fear conditioning experiment. Furthermore, aversive memories were elicited in response to the conditioned stimuli during the memory triggering task and also occurred in the 2 days following the experiment. Importantly, participants who displayed higher conditionability showed more aversive memories during the memory triggering task and during ambulatory assessment. This suggests that fear conditioning constitutes an important source of persistent aversive memories. Implications for PTSD and its treatment are discussed.
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