Trial reportPloS one2013
Salt-restriction-spoon improved the salt intake among residents in China.
Trial report in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04894344 (Education to Decrease in Sodium Intake in University Students Evaluated With 24 Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion), which is not on this map. Cited by 29 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Education to Decrease in Sodium Intake in University Students Evaluated With 24 Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion: Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Systematic Review of Social Marketing as a Behavior Change Agent in Salt Reduction.Global heart · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Twenty-Four-Hour Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2019Pooled it
- Review of behaviour change interventions to reduce population salt intake.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2017Pooled it
- A Meta-Analysis of Effect of Dietary Salt Restriction on Blood Pressure in Chinese Adults.Global heart · 2015Pooled it
- Trial
- School based education programme to reduce salt intake in children and their families (School-EduSalt): cluster randomised controlled trial.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2015Trial
- Knowledge and practices related to salt consumption in China: findings from a national representative cross-sectional survey.Journal of human hypertension · 2024Article
- Article
- An mHealth-based school health education system designed to scale up salt reduction in China (EduSaltS): A development and preliminary implementation study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Article
- Psychometric testing of the Determinants of Salt-Restriction Behaviour Questionnaire in people of Chinese ancestry: a methodological study.BMC nursing · 2022Article
- The association of knowledge, attitudes and behaviors related to salt with 24-h urinary sodium, potassium excretion and hypertensive status.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- The impact of excessive salt intake on human health.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2022Review
- Predicting the effectiveness of interventions on population-level sodium reduction: A simulation modeling study.Health science reports · 2022Article
- Association of Salt-Reduction Knowledge and Behaviors and Salt Intake in Chinese Population.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Salt Consumption and Blood Pressure in Rural Hypertensive Participants: A Community Filed Trial.TheScientificWorldJournal · 2022Article
- Applying Customer Journey Mapping in Social Marketing to Understand Salt-Related Behaviors in Cooking. A Case Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Strengthening Knowledge to Practice on Effective Salt Reduction Interventions in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.Current nutrition reports · 2021Review
- Comparison of Salt-Related Knowledge and Behaviors Status of WeChat Users between 2019 and 2020.Nutrients · 2021Article
- Factors Affecting Salt Reduction Measure Adoption among Chinese Residents.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo evaluate the effect of an improved salt-restriction spoon on the attitude of salt-restriction, the using rate of salt-restriction-spoon, the actual salt intake, and 24-hour urinary sodium excretion (24HUNa).
designA community intervention study.
settingTwo villages in Beijing.
participants403 local adult residents being responsible for home cooking.
interventionParticipants were randomly assigned to the intervention group or the control group. Those in the intervention group were provided with an improved salt-restriction-spoon and health education, and were informed of their actual salt intake and 24HUNa. Not any intervention was given to those in the control group.
main outcome measuresThe scores on the variables of Health Belief Model, the using rate of salt-restriction-spoon, the actual salt intake, and 24HUNa. ANALYSIS: Covariance analyses, Chi-square tests, Student's t tests, and repeated measures analyses of variance.
resultsAfter 6 months of intervention, the intervention group felt significantly less objective barriers, and got access to significantly more cues to action as compared to the control group. The using rate and the correctly using rate of salt-restriction-spoon were significantly higher in the intervention group. The daily salt intake decreased by 1.42 g in the intervention group and by 0.28 g in the control group, and repeated measures analysis of variance showed significant change over time (F = 7.044, P<0.001) and significant difference between groups by time (F = 2.589, P = 0.041). The 24HUNa decreased by 34.84 mmol in the intervention group and by 33.65 mmol in the control group, and repeated measures analysis of variance showed significant change over time (F = 14.648, P<0.001) without significant difference between groups by time (F = 0.222, P = 0.870).
conclusionsThe intervention effect was acceptable, therefore, the improved salt-restriction-spoon and corresponding health education could be considered as an alternative for salt reduction strategy in China and other countries where salt intake comes mainly from home cooking.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.