ArticleCell2013
Replication-competent noninduced proviruses in the latent reservoir increase barrier to HIV-1 cure.
Article in Cell, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 1,050 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Quantitative Measurement and Correlates of the Latent HIV Reservoir in Virally Suppressed Ugandans
Monitored Antiretroviral Pause in Chronic HIV-Infected Subjects With Long-Lasting Suppressed Viremia (APACHE Study)
Evaluation of the Efficacy and Mechanisms of a Novel Intervention for Chronic Pain Tailored to People Living With HIV
Who cites it
1,050 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Reservoir differences across HIV-1 subtypes: a systematic review to guide cure research.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Trial
- Cell heterogeneity contributes to the variable response of HIV-1 to latency-reversing agents.Science advances · 2026Article
- Selective persistence of HIV-1-infected T cell clones can occur through immune reprogramming driven by defective, transcriptionally active proviruses.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Natural killers blast HIV reservoir landscape.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Intragenic transcription from defective HIV proviruses triggers interferon responses in myeloid cells.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Broadly neutralizing antibodies in adult males living with HIV undergoing analytical treatment interruption: secondary and exploratory outcomes of the phase II randomized controlled RIO trial.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- The immunophenotype and proviral landscape of HIV-infected CD4 T cells during antiretroviral therapy.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- The rebound-initiating viral reservoir (RIVR) in SIV/SHIV infection is dominated by plasma virus sequences present at the time of ART initiation.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Strain-specific epistasis shapes fitness landscapes of APOBEC3G antagonism by HIV-1 Vif proteins.Science advances · 2026Article
- Nuclear translocation of triosephosphate isomerase 1 under aerobic glycolytic conditions is associated with HIV-1 transcription.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Article
- Impact of AGT103-T cell and gene therapy on intact HIV proviral reservoirs.AIDS (London, England) · 2026Article
- Three immunoregulatory signatures define non-productive HIV infection in stem cell memory CD4Nature communications · 2026Article
- Antigen Stimulation Reactivates HIV-1 Proviruses Despite Integration in Repressive Chromatin.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Review
- 5' leader defects drive persistent HIV-1 viremia on long-term ART.Nature communications · 2026Article
- AZD5582 robustly reactivates latently infected cells and clears the majority of those reactivated from the SIV reservoir.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Diverse paths to broadly neutralizing antibody escape among HIV-1 strains.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- HIV-1 virome profiling using HIV-PULSE to guide therapeutic and curative interventions.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
990 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy fails to cure HIV-1 infection because latent proviruses persist in resting CD4(+) T cells. T cell activation reverses latency, but <1% of proviruses are induced to release infectious virus after maximum in vitro activation. The noninduced proviruses are generally considered defective but have not been characterized. Analysis of 213 noninduced proviral clones from treated patients showed 88.3% with identifiable defects but 11.7% with intact genomes and normal long terminal repeat (LTR) function. Using direct sequencing and genome synthesis, we reconstructed full-length intact noninduced proviral clones and demonstrated growth kinetics comparable to reconstructed induced proviruses from the same patients. Noninduced proviruses have unmethylated promoters and are integrated into active transcription units. Thus, it cannot be excluded that they may become activated in vivo. The identification of replication-competent noninduced proviruses indicates that the size of the latent reservoir-and, hence, the barrier to cure-may be up to 60-fold greater than previously estimated.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.