ArticleCell reports2013
Hijacking multivesicular bodies enables long-term and exosome-mediated long-distance action of anthrax toxin.
Article in Cell reports, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 115 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
115 citing papers in PubMed, 207 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dynamic S-acylation controls CMG2 maturation extracellular matrix regulation and anthrax toxin susceptibility in vivo.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Exogenous sphingomyelinase mediates MSC-derived EV biogenesis and enhances potency via repackaging of molecular cargo.iScience · 2026Article
- The avatar principle: exosomal dynamics guiding tumor adaptation and next-generation therapeutic strategies.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Extracellular Vesicles Coordinate Bacterial Cloaking in Lung Epithelial Cells to Alleviate Acute Inflammatory Injury.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- Exosomal nanocarriers of immune fate: molecular insights into cancer immunity, pathogen defense, and emerging immunotherapies.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2026Review
- Exosomes-nano-messengers in tumors: capturing techniques, birth codes, and functional deciphering.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Targeting virulence to disarm the pathogen: Enzyme-activated-substrate inhibition of Anthrax edema factor.Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters · 2025Article
- Intraluminal Vesicles as Transfection Intermediaries.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Role of Seminal Exosomes in Reproduction.Journal of cellular physiology · 2025Review
- Anthrax Toxin: A Pioneer of Targeted Protein Toxins.Toxins · 2025Review
- Exosome: an overview on enhanced biogenesis by small molecules.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Review
- Exosomes: intriguing mediators of intercellular communication in the organism's response to noxious agents.Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju · 2024Review
- Unveiling the promise: Exosomes as game-changers in anti-infective therapy.Exploration (Beijing, China) · 2024Review
- Coding Therapeutic Nucleic Acids from Recombinant Proteins to Next-Generation Vaccines: Current Uses, Limitations, and Future Horizons.Molecular biotechnology · 2024Review
- Progress on the Regulation of the Host Immune Response by Parasite-Derived Exosomes.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Exosomes as mediators of signal transmitters in biotoxins toxicity: a comprehensive review.Cell biology and toxicology · 2024Review
- Early Circulating Edema Factor in Inhalational Anthrax Infection: Does It Matter?Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Prokaryotic microvesicles Ortholog of eukaryotic extracellular vesicles in biomedical fields.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2024Review
- The role of exosomal molecular cargo in exosome biogenesis and disease diagnosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- The Regulation of Exosome Generation and Function in Physiological and Pathological Processes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
55 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Anthrax lethal toxin is a classical AB toxin comprised of two components: protective antigen (PA) and lethal factor (LF). Here, we show that following assembly and endocytosis, PA forms a channel that translocates LF, not only into the cytosol, but also into the lumen of endosomal intraluminal vesicles (ILVs). These ILVs can fuse and release LF into the cytosol, where LF can proteolyze and disable host targets. We find that LF can persist in ILVs for days, fully sheltered from proteolytic degradation, both in vitro and in vivo. During this time, ILV-localized LF can be transmitted to daughter cells upon cell division. In addition, LF-containing ILVs can be delivered to the extracellular medium as exosomes. These can deliver LF to the cytosol of naive cells in a manner that is independent of the typical anthrax toxin receptor-mediated trafficking pathway, while being sheltered from neutralizing extracellular factors of the immune system.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.